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With the increasing global demand for sustainable energy sources and the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation, effective energy storage systems have become essential for grid stability and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of pumped hydro storage (PHS) systems, a proven and mature technology that has garnered significant interest in recent years. The study covers the fundamental principles, design considerations, and various configurations of PHS systems, including open-loop, closed-loop, and hybrid designs. Furthermore, the review highlights the crucial role of PHS systems in integrating renewable energy sources, mitigating peak load demands, and enhancing grid stability. An in-depth analysis of current and emerging trends, technical challenges, environmental impacts, and cost-effectiveness is also provided to identify potential areas for future research and development. The paper concludes by offering a perspective on the challenges and opportunities that PHS systems present, underlining their potential to significantly contribute to a sustainable and reliable energy future.

Background Storage conditions affect the metabolome composition and quality of tobacco leaf and, therefore, its economic value. The present study was designed to reveal tobacco leaves’ dynamic phytochemical and metabolite profile changes under three different storage conditions: natural (NT), mechanical (MC), and air-conditioning (AC). The 210,003 grade (Hubei Central Tobacco) was selected as the experimental material, and the changes in iodine value absorbance (IV), pH, polyphenols, plastid pigments, conventional chemical compositions, and metabolite profile were analyzed at different times (T0, starting day; T1, three months; T2, five months; and T3, nine months) during storage. Results The IV significantly increased with the storage duration, while the pH, polyphenols, and stromal pigments had the opposite trends. Lutein, β-carotene, and chlorogenic acid were significantly less degraded under MC and AC than NT. Neoxanthin and chlorophyll b were completely degraded at T3. The nicotine, total sugar, reducing sugar, and chlorine content significantly varied along with the storage duration, reaching their maximum values at T2 under MC and AC. The sugar/base ratio at T3 under MC and AC was 8.53 and 8.44, respectively, higher than in NT (5.85). LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 124‒224, 138‒180, and 110‒153 significant differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs) under NT, MC, and AC, respectively. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites was significantly induced under the three storage conditions between T0 and T3. Glutathione metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation were induced under NT. Biosynthesis of terpenoids and steroids was highly induced under AC. Conclusions Our findings may facilitate the optimization of the storage conditions for better preservation of tobacco leaves. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the current landscape of energy storage systems (ESSs) within microgrid (MG) applications, focusing on recent technological advancements, practical deployments, and performance evaluations. While numerous studies address ESS technologies, this work uniquely integrates a comparative framework that analyzes the trade‐offs among key systems, including lithium‐ion, flow, thermal, mechanical, and hydrogen storage. Unlike prior reviews, this study combines technical analysis with real‐world case studies to evaluate environmental impact, lifecycle cost, and integration strategies. Moreover, it proposes actionable pathways for ESS adoption in underresourced regions, adding a socioeconomic dimension often overlooked in earlier literature. This article adopted the qualitative research method using secondary data. The review article discusses the current state of ESS in MGs, with a particular emphasis on lithium‐ion batteries, flow batteries, thermal storage, mechanical storage, and hydrogen storage. It explores the advantages and limitations of each technology and highlights recent advancements in their design and application. The review article proposes strategies to address these challenges, such as developing new materials with higher energy density, improving recycling techniques, and implementing supportive policies and regulations. To further understand ESS deployment‐supportive frameworks, studies should look into novel funding sources for ESS deployment, particularly in impoverished areas, while keeping policy and regulation in mind.

In order to fulfill consumer demand, energy storage may provide flexible electricity generation and delivery. By 2030, the amount of energy storage needed will quadruple what it is today, necessitating the use of very specialized equipment and systems. Energy storage is a technology that stores energy for use in power generation, heating, and cooling applications at a later time using various methods and storage mediums. Through the storage of excess energy and subsequent usage when needed, energy storage technologies can assist in maintaining a balance between generation and demand. Energy storage technologies are anticipated to play a significant role in electricity generation in future grids, working in conjunction with distributed generation resources. The use of renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, marine, geothermal, and biomass, is expanding quickly across the globe. The primary methods of storing energy include hydro, mechanical, electrochemical, and magnetic systems. Thermal energy storage, electric energy storage, pumped hydroelectric storage, biological energy storage, compressed air system, super electrical magnetic energy storage, and photonic energy conversion systems are the main topics of this study, which also examines various energy storage materials and their methodologies. In the present work, the concepts of various energy storage techniques and the computation of storage capacities are discussed. Energy storage materials are essential for the utilization of renewable energy sources and play a major part in the economical, clean, and adaptable usage of energy. As a result, a broad variety of materials are used in energy storage, and they have been the focus of intense research and development as well as industrialization. This review article discusses the recent developments in energy storage techniques such as thermal, mechanical, electrical, biological, and chemical energy storage in terms of their utilization. The focus of the study has an emphasis on the solar-energy storage system, which is future of the energy technology. It has been found that with the current storage technology, the efficiency of the various solar collectors was found to be increased by 37% compared with conventional solar thermal collectors. This work will guide the researchers in making their decisions while considering the qualities, benefits, restrictions, costs, and environmental factors. As a result, the findings of this review study may be very beneficial to many different energy sector stakeholders.

This study presents the research and development possibilities of an expander for compressed air energy storage systems (CAES). The computer simulations made by the authors aim to find the optimal working parameters of the piston engine. The criteria for evaluating engine operation and the objects of analysis are the compressed air engine system’s efficiency and the electrical power output. Sensitivity analysis was performed on well-suited system parameters and geometrical sizes of the energy utilisation element. Appropriate selection achieves not only higher efficiency but also allows the system to be scaled to the end-user’s needs.

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are gaining a lot of interest due to the trend of increasing the use of renewable energies. This paper reviews the different ESSs in power systems, especially microgrids showing their essential role in enhancing the performance of electrical systems. Therefore, The ESSs classified into various technologies as a function of the energy storage form and the main relevant technical parameters. In this review paper, the most common classifications are presented, summarized, and compared according to their characteristics. A specific interest in electrochemical ESSs, especially battery energy storage systems, focusing on their classifications due to their importance in the residential sector. Besides that, the benefits and drawbacks of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries are discussed due to their significance. Finally, the environmental impact of these ESSs is discussed.

The wounds at the joints are subject to repeated pulling. This not only causes repeated rupture and bleeding of new granulation tissue, but also causes excessive exogenous mechanical stimulation of cell populations, leading to excessive cell proliferation and vascular proliferation at the trauma site. Inspired by the energy conversion of tendons, the “energy transit station” hydrogel is designed. When applied to dynamic joint wounds, the rigid cross‐linked network of hydrogels rapidly absorbs wound edge stress by elastic deformation and stores them as elastic potential energy in the topological network matrix, driving the hydrogels to exhibit programmable elastic recoil capabilities. Thus, the “energy transfer station” hydrogel not only shields stress concentration in sports injuries, but also reprograms energy forms to provide reasonable biomimetic contraction for wounds. In vivo research, compared with the control group (83.06%), this hydrogel can significantly accelerate the healing process of sports injuries (99.87%). The “energy transit station” property significantly downregulated the En1 lineage‐positive fibroblast population (only 9.21% of the control group) and coordinated the activation of α‐SMA‐positive myofibroblasts (only 14.62% of the control group). This research provides an innovative strategy for high‐quality healing of joint wounds through the conversion and re‐transmission of energy. Inspired by the energy conversion of tendons, the “energy transit station” hydrogel is designed. The hydrogel not only shields stress concentration in sports injuries, but also reprograms energy forms to provide reasonable biomimetic contraction for wounds. This research provides an innovative strategy for high‐quality healing of joint wounds through the conversion and re‐transmission of energy.

There are many mechanical and/or electrical energy storage devices nowadays which can be mounted on standard bicycles. The current trend regarding bicycle energy storage devices is to develop and improve electrical and electronic systems that can ease transportation. However, this paper shows the design process of a purely mechanical energy storage device, with no electrical components, which instead aims to entertain the user, producing a stimulus related to speed and physical exertion. The mechanical device has been designed according to an aspect or fashion known as steampunk, so that the mechanical elements forming the device (springs and spur gears) are visible to the user. The storage and discharge of energy are only produced by the user. In order to charge the device, after reaching an appropriate speed, the user uses the pedals in reverse motion. Alternatively, the mechanism can also be charged with a controlled braking system by actuating on a crank. The design process was based on the total design of Pugh and the AHP and QFD techniques.

The effects of mechanical activation on particle size distribution, crystalline phase, morphology, and mechanical energy storage of nickel slag were studied. Then, the direct reduction experiments of mechanically activated nickel slag mixed with reducing agent graphite powder were performed under conditions of 873–1273 K and reduction for 30–70 min. The results show that after 12 h of activation, 90% of the nickel slag has a particle diameter less than 1.05 μm, and the total energy storage is 1790.4 kJ mol −1 . With the extension of the mechanical activation duration, the intensity of the diffraction peaks of the main crystalline phases Fe 2 SiO 4 and Mg 2 SiO 4 in the nickel slag decreases. Mechanical activation is also an effective means to enhance the reduction of nickel slag. With the extension of the activation time, the reduction effect of the nickel slag and metallization degree increase. After 12 h of mechanical activation, the nickel slag was reduced at 1273 K for 70 min, and the metallization degree of the reduced product could reach 83.12%.