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Current in vitro models of 3D tumor spheroids within the microenvironment have emerged as promising tools for understanding tumor progression and potential drug responses. However, creating spheroids with functional vasculature remains challenging in a controlled and high‐throughput manner. Herein, a novel open 3D‐microarray platform is presented for a spheroid‐endothelium interaction (ODSEI) chip, capable of arraying more than 1000 spheroids on top of the vasculature, compartmentalized for single spheroid‐level analysis of drug resistance, and allows for the extraction of specific spheroids for further analysis. As proof of concept, the crosstalk between breast cancer spheroids and vasculature is monitored, validating the roles of endothelial cells in acquired tamoxifen resistance. Cancer spheroids exhibited reduced sensitivity to tamoxifen in the presence of vasculature. Further analysis through single‐cell RNA sequencing of extracted spheroids and protein arrays elucidated gene expression profiles and cytokines associated with acquired tamoxifen resistance, particularly involving the TNF‐α pathway via NF‐κB and mTOR signaling. By targeting the highly expressed cytokines (IL‐8, TIMP1) identified, tamoxifen resistance in cancer spheroid can be effectively reversed. In summary, the ODSEI chip allows to study spheroid and endothelial interaction in various contexts, leading to improved insights into tumor biology and therapeutic strategies. The ODSEI chip, a novel 3D‐microarray platform, co‐cultures tumor spheroids on the vasculature, enabling drug treatment and specific spheroid extraction. The ODSEI chip demonstrates reduced tamoxifen sensitivity within spheroids when interacting with endothelial cells. Single‐cell RNA sequencing and protein arrays identify gene expression profiles and cytokines associated with tamoxifen resistance while further targeting identified cytokines effectively reduced drug resistance.

The fundamental insights of the reaction mechanism, especially the synergistic effect between oxygen vacancies and basic sites, are highly promising yet challenging for Ru-based catalysts during carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) methanation. Herein, a series of Ru-based catalysts were employed to study the mechanism of CO 2 methanation. It is found that Ru/CeO 2 catalyst exhibits a much higher CO 2 conversion (86%) and CH 4 selectivity (100%), as well as excellent stability of 30 h due to the existence of abundant oxygen vacancies and weak basic sites. Additionally, the in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the formate formation step dominated the hydrogenation route on Ru/CeO 2 catalyst, and the b-HCOO* could be the key intermediate due to b-HCOO* is more easily hydrogenated to methane than m-HCOO*. The systematic study marks the significance of precise tailoring of the synergistic relationship between oxygen vacancies and basic sites for achieving the desired performance in CO 2 methanation.

The role of circRNAs in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) remains unclear. Here we profiled six pair plasma circRNA in ESCC based on RNA sequencing, and then verified the elevation of hsa_circ_0004771 in 20 cancer tissues and 105 pair case–control plasma samples by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The upregulation of hsa_circ_0004771 was correlated with heavier tumor burden and poor prognosis, knockdown of it inhibited the ESCC cells proliferation both and . Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0004771 positively regulated CDC25A by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-339-5p and rescue assay confirmed this regulatory relationship. These results suggested that hsa_circ_0004771 can serve as a general less-invasive biomarker and may provide diagnostic and prognostic value in carcinoma.

Aromatic ketones are important pharmaceutical intermediates, especially the pyridin-2-yl-methanone motifs. Thus, synthetic methods for these compounds have gained extensive attention in the last few years. Transition metals catalyze the oxidation of Csp[sup.3]-H for the synthesis of aromatic ketones, which is arresting. Here, we describe an efficient copper-catalyzed synthesis of pyridin-2-yl-methanones from pyridin-2-yl-methanes through a direct Csp[sup.3]-H oxidation approach with water under mild conditions. Pyridin-2-yl-methanes with aromatic rings, such as substituted benzene, thiophene, thiazole, pyridine, and triazine, undergo the reaction well to obtain the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Several controlled experiments are operated for the mechanism exploration, indicating that water participates in the oxidation process, and it is the single oxygen source in this transformation. The current work provides new insights for water-involving oxidation reactions.

Bamboo charcoal is made from biomass with porous structure. The performance of bamboo charcoal (BC) and KMnO 4 -modified BC was studied with a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis and BET surface area analysis were used to determine the physical and chemical property of the sorbents. The results show that the modification increased the oxygen functionalities and π electrons, which facilitate the mercury oxidation on sorbent surface and act as possible active centers for elemental mercury.

IntroductionThe synergistic development of digitalisation and environmental protection is an important issue in the context of global economic development. The core issue that needs to be addressed is whether digital trade rules can reduce the export embodied carbon emissions and what the specific mechanisms are.MethodUsing regional trade agreements (RTA) and bilateral trade data signed and implemented by 137economies from 2001 to2021, this paper quantifies the depth of digital trade rules from three aspects: total depth, core depth and enforce depth, based on the classification of digital trade rules in the TAPED database. Subsequently, by using the extended structural gravity model and adopting the PPML estimation method, the influence effect and mechanism of digital trade rules on the export-embodied carbon emissions at the production and consumption sides in RTA were explored.Results(1) The deepening of digital trade rules can significantly reduce the intensity of implied carbon emissions from exports at both the production and consumption sides; the effect on implied carbon emissions at the consumption side is greater than at the production side. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that the effects of technological innovation, cost reduction, shortening regulatory distances and bilateral value chain correlation are important mechanisms in the impact of digital trade rules on export embodied carbon emission intensity. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that trade promotion provisions have the strongest effect on export-related carbon emissions, followed by data management provisions. Intellectual property protection provisions have the weakest effect. Bilateral agreements, US templates, exports to developed countries and green products in digital trade rules have a greater inhibitory effect on carbon emissions. The study proposes policy recommendations to promote the adoption of high-level digital trade rules and reduce carbon emissions from trade.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have attracted much attention as a new substitute for conventional cigarettes. E-cigarettes are first exposed to the respiratory system after inhalation, and studies on the toxicity mechanisms of e-cigarettes have been reported. Current research shows that e-cigarette exposure may have potentially harmful effects on cells, animals, and humans, while the safety evaluation of the long-term effects of e-cigarette use is still unknown. Similar but not identical to conventional cigarettes, the toxicity mechanisms of e-cigarettes are mainly manifested in oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and DNA damage. This review will summarize the toxicity mechanisms and signal pathways of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes concerning the respiratory system, which could give researchers a better understanding and direction on the effects of e-cigarettes on our health.

An investigation of the evolutionary characteristics and internal driving mechanisms of territorial space since the reform and opening up is essential. The study will guide the orderly development and rational layout of territorial space, as well as achievement transformation and high-quality development in Shanxi Province. We used land use data from 1980 to 2020, which was divided into four periods, to examine the changes in production-living-ecological spatial pattern in Shanxi Province. Various methods, including the territorial spatial transfer matrix, standard deviation ellipse and spatial autocorrelation, were employed to analyse the evolution of the territorial spatial pattern. Applying GeoDetector as the primary tool, we conduct research on the mechanisms underlying the evolution of this spatial pattern. The results indicated that Shanxi Province exhibits distinct differentiation characteristics in both the horizontal and vertical spatial dimensions. Over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020, the territorial spatial pattern of Shanxi Province transitioned from gradual change to drastic change to moderate change. The production space (PS) and ecological space (ES) decreased, while the living space (LS) significantly increased. The territorial spatial pattern of Shanxi Province exhibited a northeast‒southwest distribution pattern, and the changes in the centre of gravity of the production-living-ecological spaces varied in direction. The spatial distribution of land in Shanxi Province is influenced by both natural factors and human activities, leading to changes in its territorial pattern over time. The primary catalyst for the development of production space (PS) is grain production, while the major determinants of the development of living space (LS) are the overall gross domestic product (GDP) and public financial expenditure. Thus, topography greatly influences ecological space (ES).

With the rapid growth of the sauce-flavored liquor industry, the treatment of wastewater has become an increasingly critical challenge. This study seeks to assess the catalytic oxidation efficacy of Mn2Cu2Ox/Al2O3 catalysts in the degradation of organic pollutants present in sauce-flavored liquor wastewater, while also elucidating the mechanisms underpinning their performance. Mn2Cu2Ox/Al2O3 catalysts were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, N2 sorption isotherm analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, the key active species involved in the catalytic oxidation process, including hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide anion radicals (•O2−), were identified through hydroxyl radical quenching experiments employing tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA). The contribution of these free radicals to enhancing the ozone catalytic oxidation performance was also systematically evaluated. Based on both experimental data and theoretical analyses, the Mn2Cu2Ox/Al2O3 catalysts demonstrate remarkable catalytic activity and stability, significantly reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels in wastewater. Furthermore, the catalysts are capable of activating oxygen molecules (O2) during the reaction, producing reactive oxygen species, such as •O2− and •OH, which are potent oxidizing agents that effectively decompose organic pollutants in wastewater. The proposed catalysts represent a highly promising solution for the treatment of sauce-flavored liquor wastewater and lays a solid foundation for its future industrial application.

Aromatic ketones are important pharmaceutical intermediates, especially the pyridin-2-yl-methanone motifs. Thus, synthetic methods for these compounds have gained extensive attention in the last few years. Transition metals catalyze the oxidation of Csp3-H for the synthesis of aromatic ketones, which is arresting. Here, we describe an efficient copper-catalyzed synthesis of pyridin-2-yl-methanones from pyridin-2-yl-methanes through a direct Csp3-H oxidation approach with water under mild conditions. Pyridin-2-yl-methanes with aromatic rings, such as substituted benzene, thiophene, thiazole, pyridine, and triazine, undergo the reaction well to obtain the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Several controlled experiments are operated for the mechanism exploration, indicating that water participates in the oxidation process, and it is the single oxygen source in this transformation. The current work provides new insights for water-involving oxidation reactions.