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Solar energy is a key sustainable energy resource, and materials with optimal properties are essential for efficient solar energy‐driven applications in photocatalysis. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are excellent platforms to generate different nanocomposites comprising metals, oxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, or carbides embedded in porous carbon matrix. These MOF derived nanocomposites offer symbiosis of properties like high crystallinities, inherited morphologies, controllable dimensions, and tunable textural properties. Particularly, adjustable energy band positions achieved by in situ tailored self/external doping and controllable surface functionalities make these nanocomposites promising photocatalysts. Despite some progress in this field, fundamental questions remain to be addressed to further understand the relationship between the structures, properties, and photocatalytic performance of nanocomposites. In this review, different synthesis approaches including self‐template and external‐template methods to produce MOF derived nanocomposites with various dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D, or 3D), morphologies, chemical compositions, energy bandgaps, and surface functionalities are comprehensively summarized and analyzed. The state‐of‐the‐art progress in the applications of MOF derived nanocomposites in photocatalytic water splitting for H2 generation, photodegradation of organic pollutants, and photocatalytic CO2 reduction are systemically reviewed. The relationships between the nanocomposite properties and their photocatalytic performance are highlighted, and the perspectives of MOF derived nanocomposites for photocatalytic applications are also discussed. The state‐of‐the‐art progress in the production of metal–organic framework (MOF) derived nanocomposites with various dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D, or 3D), morphologies, chemical compositions, energy bandgaps, and surface functionalities are comprehensively summarized and analyzed. The photocatalytic applications of those MOF derived nanocomposites in photocatalytic water splitting for H2 generation, photodegradation of organic pollutants, and photocatalytic CO2 reduction are systemically reviewed.

Ce-based materials have been widely used in photocatalysis and other fields because of their rich redox pairs and oxygen vacancies, despite research on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remaining scare. However, most pristine cerium-based materials, such as CeO2, are non-conductive materials. Therefore, how to obtain highly conductive and stable OER/ORR electrocatalysts is currently a hot research topic. To overcome these limitations, researchers have proposed a variety of strategies to promote the development of Ce-based electrocatalysts in recent years. This progress report focuses on reviewing new strategies concerning three categories of Ce-based electrocatalysts: metal–organic framework (MOF) derivatives, structure tuning, and polymetallic doping. It also puts forward the main existing problems and future prospects. The content of cerium in the crust is about 0.0046%, which is the highest among the rare earth elements. As a low-cost rare earth material, Ce-based materials have a bright future in the field of electrocatalysis due to replacing precious metal and some transition metals.

Developing robust active electrocatalysts from readily available earth‐abundant elements for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains an unresolved challenge. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene‐containing metal–organic framework‐derived CoP nanocomposite electrocatalysts are successfully prepared by phosphidation of in situ‐produced ZIF‐67/MXene composite precursor at various heat treatment temperatures. The obtained nanocomposite catalysts are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field emission‐scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy/EDS. In the produced composites, Ti3C2Tx MXene functions as a supportive substrate to facilitate mass transfer, as well as ion transport, and to improve electrical conductivity. Moreover, the introduction of MXene into the heterostructured CoP@C/Ti3C2Tx enables it to expose and provide extra active sites for electrochemical reactions. The as‐prepared CoP@C/MXene‐360 (abbreviated as CPMX‐360) nanocomposite is a promising trifunctional electrocatalyst toward OER, HER, and ORR. CPMX‐360 exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity with an overpotential of 235 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in OER, an overpotential of 220 mV at −10 mA cm−2 in HER, and an Eonset and E1/2 of 0.82 and 0.74 V in ORR, respectively. This research provides a viable method to develop nonprecious trifunctional electrocatalyst via phosphidation of metal–organic framework and MXene with excellent performance for OER, HER, and ORR. Ti3C2Tx MXene‐containing metal–organic framework‐derived CoP nanocomposite electrocatalysts are prepared by the phosphidation of in‐situ produced ZIF‐67/MXene precursor at various heat treatment temperatures. The as‐prepared CoP@C/MXene‐360 nanocomposite exhibits promising electrocatalytic performance as trifunctional catalyst toward oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction due to the increased electronic conductivity and exposure of extra reaction active sites for the electrochemical reactions.

Methanol fuel engines can effectively reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and particulate matter, but they cause a substantial increase in emissions of unregulated pollutants like methanol and formaldehyde. In this study, Ag/CeO2 catalysts were prepared from metal–organic framework (MOF) and silver acetate precursors using different methods and applied to the deep oxidation of methanol. The influence of preparation conditions on the types of active oxygen, surface chemical state, and oxygen vacancies was revealed by changing the calcination conditions and compared with the Ag/CeO2 catalyst prepared by traditional methods. At the same time, the low-temperature reaction pathway of methanol was explored. The results showed that calcination conditions greatly affected the structure of the catalyst. Among them, Ag/CeO2-A500 obtained by calcining Ag/Ce BTC in air at 500 °C had the best catalytic performance for methanol oxidation. The surface chemical state, overall oxygen vacancies, and the proportion of metallic silver may be key factors for its superior catalytic performance.

Reducing the cost and improving the electrocatalytic activity are the key to developing high efficiency electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, bimetallic NiFe-based metal-organic framework (MOF) was prepared by solvothermal method, and then used as precursor to prepare NiFe-based MOF-derived materials by pyrolysis. The effects of different metal ratios and pyrolysis temperatures on the sample structure and OER electrocatalytic performance were investigated and compared. The experimental results showed that when the metal molar ratio was Fe: Ni = 1:5 and the pyrolysis temperature was 450°C, the sample (FeNi 5 -MOF-450) exhibits a composite structure of NiFe 2 O 4 /FeNi 3 /C and owns the superior electrocatalytic activity in OER. When the current density is 100 mA·cm −2 , the overpotential of the sample was 377 mV with Tafel slope of 56.2 mV·dec −1 , which indicates that FeNi 5 -MOF-450 exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance than the commercial RuO 2 . Moreover, the long-term stability of FeNi 5 -MOF-450 further promotes its development in OER. This work demonstrated that the regulatory methods such as component optimization can effectively improve the OER catalytic performance of NiFe-based MOF-derived materials.

The thermal decomposition characteristic of ammonium perchlorate (AP) represents a critical factor in determining the performance of solid propellants, which has aroused significant interest on the structure and performance improvement of kinds of catalysts. In this study, bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), such as CuCo-BTC (BTC = 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, H3BTC), CuNi-BTC, and CoNi-BTC, were synthesized by solvothermal (ST) and spray-drying (SD) methods, and then calcined at 400 °C for 2 h to form metal oxides. The catalysts as well as their catalytic effects for AP decomposition were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS, TG, DSC, TG-IR, EIS, CV, and LSV. It was found that the rapid coordination of metal ions with ligands during spray drying may lead to catalytic structural defects, promoting the exposure of reactive active sites and increasing the catalytic active region. The results showed that the addition of 2 wt% binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) as catalysts significantly reduced the high-temperature decomposition (HTD) temperature of AP and enhanced its heat release. Of particular significance is the observation that SD-CoNiOx, prepared by spray-drying, reduced the decomposition temperature of AP from 413.26 °C (pure AP) to 306 °C and enhanced the heat release from 256.79 J/g (pure AP) to 1496.82 J/g, while concomitantly reducing the activation energy by 42%. By analysing the gaseous products during the decomposition of AP+SD-CoNiOx and AP+ST-CoNiOx, it was found that SD-CoNiOx could significantly increase the content of high-valent nitrogen oxides during the AP decomposition reaction, which indicates that the BTMOs prepared by spray-drying in the reaction system are more conducive to accelerating the electron transfer in the thermal decomposition process of AP, and can provide a high concentration of reactive oxygen species that oxidize AP to high-valent nitrogen oxide-containing compounds. The present study shows that the structure selectivity of the spray-drying technique influences surfactant molecular arrangement on catalyst surfaces, resulting in their ability to promote higher electron transfer during the catalytic process. Therefore, BTMOs prepared by spray drying method have higher potential for application.

The synergistic catalysis of heterojunction electrocatalysts for the multi-step process in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a promising approach to enhance the kinetics of alkaline HER. Herein, we proposed a strategy to form nanoscale Ni/NiO heterojunction porous graphitic carbon composites (Ni/NiO-PGC) by reduction-pyrolysis of the preformed Ni-metal-organic framework (MOF) under H 2 /N 2 atmosphere. Benefiting from low electron transfer resistance, increased number of active sites, and unique hierarchical micro-mesoporous structure, the optimized Ni/NiO-PGC 10−1−400 exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance and robust stability for alkaline HER ( η 10 = 30 mV, 65 h). Density functional theory (DFT) studies revealed that the redistribution of electrons at the Ni/NiO interface enables the NiO phase to easily initiate the dissociation of alkaline H 2 O, and shifts down the d-band center of Ni and optimizes the H* adsorption-desorption process of Ni, thereby leading to extremely high HER activity. This work contributes to a further understanding of the synergistic promotion of the multi-step HER processes by heterojunction electrocatalysts.

Metal–organic framework (MOF) derivatives are excellent energy storage devices such as lithium–sulfur batteries. Here, a bimetallic (CoNi)-embedded nitrogen-enriched carbon framework was synthesized by a simple metal-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework thermal conversion strategy. CoNi-NC materials have a large specific surface area and a pore-rich structure. This unique structure interacts with a cobalt-based electroactive phase and a secondary metal to enhance electrochemical performance. By changing the molar ratio of nickel to cobalt and selecting the best bimetallic nitrogen-doped carbon framework, the initial discharge capacity of the lithium–sulfur battery with Co0.75Ni0.25-NC as the electrode material was 1278 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, with excellent rate performance and good cycle stability.

In this study, we developed a novel confinement-synthesis approach to layered double hydroxide nanodots (LDH-NDs) anchored on carbon nanoparticles, which formed a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected network within a porous carbon support derived from pyrolysis of metal-organic frameworks (C-MOF). The resultant LDH-NDs@C-MOF nonprecious metal catalysts were demonstrated to exhibit super-high catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with excellent operation stability and low overpotential (∼230 mV) at an exchange current density of 10 mAcm −2 . The observed overpotential for the LDH-NDs@C-MOF is much lower than that of large-sized LDH nanosheets (321 mV), pure carbonized MOF (411 mV), and even commercial RuO 2 (281 mV). X-ray absorption measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed partial charge transfer from Fe 3+ through an O bridge to Ni 2+ at the edge of LDH-NDs supported by C-MOF to produce the optimal binding energies for OER intermediates. This, coupled with a large number of exposed active sides and efficient charge and electrolyte/reactant/product transports associated with the porous 3D C-MOF support, significantly boosted the OER performance of the LDH-ND catalyst with respect to its nanosheet counterpart. Apart from the fact that this is the first active side identification for LDH-ND OER catalysts, this work provides a general strategy to enhance activities of nanosheet catalysts by converting them into edge-rich nanodots to be supported by 3D porous carbon architectures.

Efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production and pollutant degradation are crucial to address energy and environmental challenges. metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived CuxO/TiO2/C (TCC) composites are synthesized from Cu‐doped NH2‐MIL‐125(Ti) and their performance in photodegradation of pollutants and photocatalytic hydrogen generation are evaluated. These porous TCC composites demonstrate rapid adsorption capacities and greatly enhance photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light, with TCC‐1 achieving complete pollutants removal in 90 min due to adsorption and photocatalysis. Moreover, these CuxO/TiO2/C composites exhibit superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, and TCC‐2 achieves the highest hydrogen production rate of 2339 μmol g−1 h−1, 13 times greater than TiO2/C. The enhanced activity is attributed to the formation of type‐II band alignment between the coexisted anatase and rutile TiO2 phases, the presence of Cu2O/CuO heterojunctions that facilitate p–n charge separation, and Cu0 clusters as electron sinks to accelerate proton reduction. Porous carbon boosts adsorption and also provides rapid electron transport pathways. Additionally, the coexistence of multiple Cu species (Cu2+/Cu+) facilitates reversible redox shuttling, suppressing electron–hole recombination. The synergistic effects of these structural and electronic features lead to superior hydrogen generation and pollutant degradation activity of TCC composites, demonstrating the promise of MOF‐derived photocatalysts for sustainable energy and environmental applications. Cu modified Ti‐metal–organic frameworks (MOF) derived CuxO/TiO2/C photocatalytic materials with variable copper contents are prepared via high temperature heat treatment in steam. The as‐prepared CuxO/TiO2/C nanocomposites demonstrate excellent performance in photocatalytic H2 generation via water splitting and photodegradation of organic pollutants due to the synergistic effects of the structural and electronic features of the MOF‐derived CuxO/TiO2/C nanocomposites.