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One of the methods to create the idea in the architectural design is the principles and patterns in the natural phenomena. The current study consists of two sections. The first section introduces and recognizes the analogy of nature and its different types. Then, this section studies, classifies, and analyzes the opinions using the analytical-descriptive methods. In the second section, performances of two groups of undergraduate and graduate students of architecture, in architecture and Urbanism Faculty of the Jundi-Shapour University of Technology, Dezfoul, on how to deal with nature and analogy method was evaluated as freehand sketching using experimental study. The sketches were classified based on the modeling and analogy method into three classes of formal, structural, and conceptual analogies, which have conceptual, structural, and formal specifications based on the patterns of nature. The results show that undergraduate students selected the patterns based on their form, function, symbolism, aesthetics, feelings, design process, nature, climate, and structure. Also, graduate students selected the patterns based on the function, form, symbolism, feelings, climate, and structure. The form of nature was applied more among the undergraduate students, while the function of nature was utilized more among the graduate students.

This study aims to establish links between the main parameters of geophysical methods of mineral prospecting and the gas content of coal seams as well as to give practical recommendations on the economic efficiency of industrial methane extraction from the unrelieved coal seams. The research employed the statistical methods of non-equilibrium thermodynamics to determine the response function of the areas with increased gas recovery on the impact of geophysical fields. The theoretical explanation of a number of effects, such as the dependence of specific electrical resistivity, scattered gamma radiation and velocity of elastic waves on the thermodynamic parameters of the investigated medium have been obtained. The thermodynamic approach to the solution of geophysical problems gives a theoretical explanation to a number of effects, such as the dependence of specific resistivity, scattered gamma radiation, and elastic wave velocities on the methane content in coal seams. The solution of these problems results into the technological chain of methane production, detection of high gas content areas, gas production and utilization.

Development of models, algorithms, and conveyor scales of new generation by modern design and element base, ensuring accuracy class (1-0.5), using modern methods of information processing and analysis, as well as development of weighing systems for conveyors having a short length and operating under high dynamic loads and shocks. Methods of thermodynamics and analogies for design, analysis parameters and functioning of measuring systems are used. New software of microprocessor controls and top-level ability to instantly analyze the state of the object and to control actuators of dosing devices timely and accurately has been developed. The model and algorithm of dynamic weighing by conveyor scales have been proposed connecting the measuring device with parameters of material to be weighed and the environment. A new generation of conveyor scales by modern design and element base are created. First, models and algorithms of measuring systems using the method of analogy and nonequilibrium thermodynamics have been developed. On the basis of these models the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of their design, heredity, life cycle, vitality and resources are evaluated. To improve the efficiency of transportation of ore, coal and other bulk material conveyor scales of a new generation were created using modern design and element base. New models of informationmeasuring systems, dynamic weighing and conveyor scales are proposed. The first generation of automated electro tensoresistive conveyor scales complex is used at enterprises of Kazakhstan: Iron and Steel Works JSC \"Mittal Steel Temirtau\", JSC \"Kazchrome\" Donskoy, Aktobe Ferroalloy Plant, Aksu Ferroalloy Plant, Mining Group Kazmarganetc, Sokolov-Sarbay Mining and Processing Production Association (SSGPO), Eurasian Energy Corporation (EEC), etc.

Oil and gas development is characterized by high technical complexity, strong interdisciplinarity, long investment cycles, and significant uncertainty. To meet the need for quick evaluation of overseas oilfield projects with limited data and experience, this study develops an analogy indicator system and tests multiple machine-learning algorithms on two analogy tasks to identify the optimal method. Using an initial set of basic indicators and a database of 1436 oilfield samples, a combined subjective–objective weighting strategy that integrates statistical methods with expert judgment is used to select, classify, and assign weights to the indicators. This process results in 26 key indicators for practical analogy analysis. Single-indicator and whole-asset analogy experiments are then performed with five standard machine-learning algorithms—support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), backpropagation neural network (BP), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and decision tree (DT). Results show that SVM achieves classification accuracies of 86% and 95% in medium-high permeability sandstone oilfields, respectively, greatly surpassing other methods. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed indicator system and methodology, providing efficient and objective technical support for evaluating and making decisions on overseas oilfield development projects.

The present work contains the results of the comparative analysis of the literature data and the own investigations on mass and heat transfer coefficients occurring under conditions of the convective fluid flow through channels characterised by a specific geometry. The authors focused on the available experimental investigations on mass transfer. The considered experiments were carried out using the electrochemical method named limiting current technique. Two channel geometries were discussed: the annular channel of the conventional size and the long minichannel with a square cross-section area. Taking into consideration dimensionless numbers: Schmidt and Nusselt – analogical for mass and heat transfer – the formulas describing the phenomena under consideration were included. In the case of the annular channel the laminar and turbulent range of Reynolds numbers was studied. For the square minichannel – the laminar flow is considered. The analogy between mass and heat transfer introduced by Chilton and Colburn was applied in the analysis. An equivalent boundary condition is included in considerations concerning the mass and heat transfer. It is the Dirichlet boundary condition characterised by constant temperature of the wall which corresponds to the situation of constant ion concentration at the cathode surface in the limiting current technique. The main purpose of the present work was to verify the method for the determination of heat transfer coefficients using the analogy between mass and heat transfer processes in the case of convective fluid flow through the annular and square channels. The problem discussed in the present work is important and actual due to the possibility of the elimination of temperature measurements in the investigations of heat transfer processes occurring in channels characterised by a specific geometry. It should be noted that sometimes temperature measurement may be difficult or even impossible. This situation also causes high uncertainty of the obtained results. Due to this problem, the presented analysis was performed also with the use of thermal results based on the analytical solution. The verification of the use of mass/heat transfer analogy method in specific cases gives the extended knowledge of correct application of the limiting current technique in heat transfer research. The main objective of the work was achieved by conducting a comparative analysis of the adequate mass and heat transfer results. The existing literature data do not provide an answer to the question about the correctness of using the limiting current technique in the case of discussed annular channels or long square minichannels. The received results make us be critical of applying the mass/heat transfer analogy method in some heat transfer cases.

The target reliability of mine rock slopes must be scientifically determined, which can fully reflect the safety level of slope stability and plays an essential role in establishing slope reliability design guidelines. Since the design guidelines based on reliability methods have not been established for mine rock slopes, the suggested target reliability values are proposed based on the grey fixed weight clustering and analogy method. Firstly, a new evaluation method of slope safety grade is proposed by considering more influencing factors of slopes. Secondly, the grey fixed weight clustering is used to quantitatively processes the slope reliability data, and the slope safety grade is judged. Then, the target reliability of each grade is obtained by the analogy method. Finally, the equal difference method is applied to set the threshold of allowable failure probability for the minimum service life of slopes, and the reliability of other service life is processed by linear interpolation. The results show that, the target reliability of the maximum service life for grade I, II, III ductile failure is 3.25, 2.75, 2.25, and brittle failure is 3.75, 3.25, 2.75, respectively. the allowable failure probability of the minimum service life for each grade shows that the ductile failure is 1%, 3%, 5% and brittle failure is 0.5%, 1%, 3%, respectively. In addition, the suggested values of Inter-ramp and Bench slopes are also improved, and a case study is conducted in the Jinbao iron mine to illustrate the feasibility of the method and results in this paper.

Thermoelectric cooling is a prospective technology that has a lot of advantages; however, its main drawback is its low efficiency compared to other technologies. A lot of scientific research is aimed at the improvement of the efficiency of thermoelectric cooling, including the development of new thermoelectric materials, innovative structures, and better power management strategies. The present work further explores a self-developed recuperative power management approach, which takes advantage of the thermoelectric element’s ability to work as an electrical generator. This study relied on the thermal–electrical analogy method to develop a model that is capable of describing the impact of recuperation on the cooling performance while preserving the simplest configuration possible. The influence of different variables was estimated by three suggested quantities for evaluating the gains, losses, and rationality of the recuperative approach. A recovery of up to 10% of the electrical energy supplied to the thermoelectric element was observed experimentally. The ratio between the recovered energy and induced heat losses did not exceed a factor of 0.9. It is concluded that the recuperation process is reasonable only in the case of unavoidable interruption of the cooling process when average-performance thermoelectric elements are used.

The ultimate load capacity of extradosed cable-stayed bridges (ECSB) is the basis for structural design and bridge management. The ECSB is a new combination system of both cable- stayed bridges (CSB) and multi-span continuous bridges. It is difficult to predict the ultimate load capacity of ECSB due to its particular form. In this paper, a novel method is presented to predict the ultimate load capacity of ECSB. The procedure of predicting ultimate load capacity consists of two steps. The first is that the ECSB can be equivalent to a multi-span continuous girder with the analogy method; The second is that structural configuration is developed when the live load can form the plastic hinge (PH) and it can determine the load locations using influence lines (IL). Finally, the proposed method is validated with other analytical solutions and numerical results. The results show that the proposed method agrees with previous research findings and the finite element method (FEM). It demonstrates that the proposed method can predict the ultimate load capacity of ECSB.

In this study, the out-of-plane shear strength of hybrid cross-laminated timber (CLT) with outer layers of hinoki (hinoki cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa ) and inner layers of sugi (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica ) is investigated for four different layer configurations. To investigate the influence from rolling shear properties of cross layers on the shear strength of CLT, stress analysis was conducted using the shear analogy method. The nominal shear strength, the maximum shear force divided by the cross-section of CLT, was in the 1.0–2.1 MPa range. Using the shear analogy method, the rolling shear modulus in the cross layer was determined as 72.9 MPa, which was comparable with the value obtained for laminae in previous study as well as the value confirmed by strain measurements in the present study. The magnitude of rolling shear stress in the cross layer was 0.9–1.1 times the average shear stress, which was negatively correlated with the nominal shear strength. From the regression line between the nominal shear strength and the magnitude of the shear stress in the cross layer, the mean shear strength of the cross layer was estimated to be 1.33 MPa.

In order to determine the appropriate utilization conditions of the Vyalov long-term strength prediction equation, this study selected three soil samples from the loess region. These samples were subjected to varying numbers of freeze–thaw cycles, namely 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 50, and 100 cycles. Subsequently, post-test soil samples underwent spherical template indenter press-in tests and grain size determinations. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that the Vyalov long-term strength prediction equation accurately reflected the long-term strength variations of frozen loess after 10 freeze–thaw cycles. A further analysis revealed that the stability of the soil samples’ grain composition played a vital role in ensuring the accuracy of the prediction equation. Notably, a highly significant positive correlation was observed between the silt content of the soil samples and the prediction equation parameter β. Moreover, employing the Vyalov long-term strength prediction equation after 10 freeze–thaw cycles yielded prediction results consistent with the freeze–thaw cycles–time analogy method for durations of 10, 20, and 30 years. This study is beneficial for the construction and operation of projects in loess areas.