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In this thought-provoking book, Sylvia Bashevkin examines the consequences of divergent restructuring experiences in London and Toronto.

After decentralization, there was massive development in Jakarta megacity’s outer suburbs (JMOS), especially in Bekasi and Tangerang regencies, marked by large-scale industrial estate/park (LSIEP) and followed by new town developments. However, this process led to the emergence of “chaotic” urban-rural land patterns. This study sought to identify the extent to which LSIEP development has affected rural-urban land transformation (RULT). The primary data were land use/cover (LUC) data from 2005, 2015, and 2020 and the LSIEP distributions. The methods applied are the Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model for 2025’s LUC prediction and the RULT index approach, RULT index development using the analytical hierarchy process. These combined approaches were novel in Indonesia, which usually relies on Cellular Automata (CA)-Markov, overlay (spatial), and descriptive statistics analyses to describe the RULT phenomenon. It was found that the villages located around the LSIEP close to the Jakarta megacity toll road network and those adjacent to the municipality (city) had been transformed into urban areas, while villages far from those locations were still rural. This study’s results help clarify the rural to urban transformation in Jakarta megacity’s outer suburbs and could be used as input for spatial planning policy.

Following World War II, Americans drastically changed how they built cities and how they used urban space for work, home, and play. Suburban growth and central city decline comprised two of the most pressing domestic challenges during Eisenhower's presidency. When Eisenhower took office, the nation was recovering from a severe postwar housing shortage. As middle‐class Americans created new communities on the urban rim, most turned their backs on the nation's declining city centers. During the Eisenhower era, the West epitomized the promises and perils of postwar suburban growth and metropolitan decentralization. By the mid‐1950s, cities had become the proving grounds for a national mass movement for African American civil rights. The simultaneous urbanization and politicization of Native Americans in the post‐ World War II period provides another striking example of how urban transformations sparked social movements that propelled the nation into the rights revolution of the 1960s.

The combined decentralisation of many firms and services and the increasing concentration of traditional public transport services in the main corridors of urban centres have made it more difficult for people to access jobs, in particular when residing outside these prime accessibility areas. This is the first national study within the context of Great Britain to examine whether better public transport job accessibility, modelled at the micro level of individuals, improves employment probabilities for people living in Great Britain. While previous studies have typically concentrated on US metropolitan areas, our study uses British national employment micro datasets to assess which urban and rural areas and population groups would benefit from better public transport services. In an important departure from most standard accessibility methodologies, we computed a public transport job accessibility measure applied nationwide and combined this with individual-level employment probability models for Great Britain. The models were corrected for endogeneity by applying an instrumental variable approach. The study finds that better public transport job accessibility improves individual employment probabilities, in particular in metropolitan areas and smaller cities and towns with lower car ownership rates and in low-income neighbourhoods. It further shows that mainly lower educated groups and young people would benefit from better public transport job accessibility. The findings in this study are important for policymakers in that they imply that, in particular, job seekers who rely on public transport services may benefit from more targeted public policies to improve their accessibility to employment and thereby their social mobility. 众多企业和服务机构的分散化，以及传统公共交通服务日益集中在城市中心的主要走廊， 这两个因素降低了人们所享有的工作可及性，特别是当他们居住在这些交通设施的主要覆 盖区域之外时。这是在英国范围内进行的第一项全国性研究，旨在以个人微观层面为模型 调查更好的公共交通工作可及性是否能提高英国居民的就业概率。以前的研究通常关注美 国大都市地区，但我们的研究使用英国国家就业微观数据集来评估哪些城乡地区和人口群 体将受益于更好的公共交通服务。与大多数标准可及性研究方法的一个重要区别是，我们 计算了一个适用于英国全国的公共交通工作可及性指标，并将其与个人层面的就业概率模 型相结合。我们通过应用工具变量方法对模型进行内生性校正。研究发现，更好的公共交 通工作可及性提高了个人就业概率，特别是在大都市地区、汽车拥有率较低的小城镇、以 及低收入社区。这进一步表明，受益于更好的公共交通就业可及性的主要是受教育程度较 低的群体和年轻人。这项研究的结果对政策制定者很重要，因为这意味着，依赖公共交通 服务的求职者将特别受益于更有针对性的公共政策，这些政策旨在改善他们获得就业的机 会，从而提高他们的社会流动性。

Against the background of Chinese decentralization, the preferences and choices of local governments significantly affect the scale and structure of urban construction land supply. Due to the shortage of financial funds and the political performance pursuit of local governments, environmental decentralization gives local governments greater autonomy in environmental management, and increases the possibility for local governments relying on land transfer income to make up for the financial gap and provide public goods and services. This paper analyses the impact of environmental decentralization on the construction land supply scale of local government based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2015. The results indicate that: (1) environmental decentralization has a positive effect on the increase in urban construction land supply scale; (2) environmental decentralization affects urban construction land supply by strengthening land financial dependence and distorting land resources misallocation; (3) there are regional disparities in the effect of environmental decentralization on urban construction land supply. The impact is greater in regions with high financial pressure, high economic growth pressure, and low environmental protection pressure. In summary, some policy suggestions are put forward to reasonably supply urban construction land against the background of Chinese decentralization.

This classic work chronicles how New York, London, and Tokyo became command centers for the global economy and in the process underwent a series of massive and parallel changes. What distinguishes Sassen's theoretical framework is the emphasis on the formation of cross-border dynamics through which these cities and the growing number of other global cities begin to form strategic transnational networks. All the core data in this new edition have been updated, while the preface and epilogue discuss the relevant trends in globalization since the book originally came out in 1991.

Decentralized Nature-based Solutions such as Urban Green Infrastructures (UGI) are increasingly promoted to reduce flooding in urban areas. Many studies have shown the effectiveness of flood control of UGI at a plot or neighbourhood level. Modelling approaches that extrapolate their flood reducing impact to larger catchment scales are often based on a simplistic assumption of different percentages of UGI implementation. Additionally, such approaches typically do not consider the suitable space for UGI and potential implementation constraints. This study proposes a scenario development and modelling approach for a more realistic upscaling of UGI based on empirical insights from a representative neighbourhood. The results from this study, conducted in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, show that upscaling the full potential for UGI could significantly reduce surface runoff, peak flows, and flood volumes. In particular, the permeable pavement has the highest potential for flood reducing in public space while cisterns perform best at the property level. These results can guide the formation of policies that promote UGI.

In the face of climate change, urban governance systems must adapt to uncertainties and emerging pressures. Polycentric governance, characterized by multiple decision-making centers at different scales, enables coordination across levels and provides flexibility, which allows for experimentation and context-specific action, catalyzing institutional innovations in cities. These innovations involve creating new structures and modifying existing ones to help cities better withstand and adapt to the impacts of climate change. There are plenty of studies on this issue in developed country context, but such studies in the context of developing countries are lacking, especially in India. This article aims to explore the influence of polycentric governance on institutional innovations, thereby offering insights on how it contributes to transformative urban governance in India, characterized by (1) stewarding capacity, (2) unlocking capacity, (3) transformative capacity, and (4) orchestrating capacity. The research findings suggest that polycentric governance increases diversity and autonomy in decision-making centers across levels, which can enable more innovation or flexibility, leading to improving governance capacity to respond to changing circumstances, but these developments are still in nascent stage and further research is needed to assess the long-term sustainability of these capacities. The findings not only contribute to governance research and provide insights for policymaking, but also contribute to the broader discourse on urban resilience and sustainable development aligning with SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and SDG 17 (partnerships for the goals) globally, especially in the Global South.

ABSTRACT Until recently, many large cities received migration back to their city centres. However, some large cities, including Tokyo, lost in-migration and experienced out-migration from the centre after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify the relations between the migration population and socio-geographical characteristics in a large city after the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on a comparison with pre-pandemic relations. Tokyo metropolitan area was used as an example. We obtained annual data from 2019 to 2022 on inter-municipalities migration in Japan and official survey data for socio-geographical features for origin and destination municipalities to create a modified gravity model. The results showed that the variables included in the original gravity model related to migration from and to the Tokyo metropolitan area both before and after the pandemic. This implied that the basic relation of people migrating close to where they lived was consistent before and after the pandemic. However, we found that more people migrated to areas with more green spaces and retail facilities and farther from the central business district (CBD) in 2020, 2021 and 2022 than in 2019, and more people migrated to areas with larger houses in 2021 and 2022 than in 2019. This implies that residential preferences might change after the pandemic and the Tokyo metropolitan area might be affected by the forces of decentralisation and polycentricity.

The quality of water in many urban rivers in Latin America is increasingly degrading due to wastewater and runoff discharges from urban sprawl. Due to deficits in sanitary drainage systems, greywater is discharged to the stormwater drainage network generating a continuous dryweather runoff that reaches rivers without treatment. One of the main challenges in the region is to achieve sustainable management of urban runoff for the recovery of rivers ecosystem integrity. However, retrofitting conventional centralized wastewater drainage networks into the existing urban grid represents important social, economic and technical challenges. This paper presents an alternative adaptive methodology for the design of Naturebased Solutions for decentralized urban runoff treatment. Through this study, technical solutions commonly used for stormwater management were adapted for dry-weather runoff treatment and co-designed for the particular conditions of a representative study area, considering space availability as the main constraining factor for retrofitting in urban areas. The application of a co-design process in a dense neighbourhood of the Great Metropolitan area of Costa Rica brought to light valuable insights about conditions that could be hindering the implementation of NBS infrastructures in Latin America.