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Production of virus-free plants is necessary to control viral diseases, import novel cultivars from other countries, exchange breeding materials between countries or regions and preserve plant germplasm. In vitro techniques represent the most successful approaches for virus eradication. In vitro thermotherapy-based methods, including combining thermotherapy with shoot tip culture, chemotherapy, micrografting or shoot tip cryotherapy, have been successfully established for efficient eradication of various viruses from almost all of the most economically important crops. The present study reviewed recent advances in in vitro thermotherapy-based methods for virus eradication since the twenty-first century. Mechanisms as to why thermotherapy-based methods could efficiently eradicate viruses were discussed. Finally, future prospects were proposed to direct further studies.

Aim To critically assess the evidence on micrografting technology to evaluate its effectiveness when used alone or as an adjunct to regenerative treatment in various medical and dental applications. Methods Seven electronic databases, including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature EBSCOhost, Web of Science Core Collection, System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, were searched until 15 July 2024. Risk of bias assessment and qualitative and quantitative (random-effect models) analyses were conducted. Results A total of 55 studies were identified. Most studies (n = 24) reported on burns, followed by 10 studies on ulcers/wounds, 7 on androgenetic alopecia, 3 on vitiligo, 3 on cartilage and bone defects, and 1 on coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Dental applications included sinus lift (three studies), socket preservation (two studies), and intrabody defects (two studies). A meta-analysis of four studies on the management of burns confirmed that micrografting led to reduced healing periods compared with other grafting techniques (weighted mean difference: −0.98, 95% confidence interval: −1.84 to −0.12, p = 0.03), with a high level of heterogeneity (83.57%) and risk of bias. Conclusion Micrografting technology may lead to shorter healing time and improved patient morbidity.

Grafting is an ancient cloning method that has been used widely for thousands of years in agricultural practices. Graft-union development is also an intricate process that involves substantial changes such as organ regeneration and genetic material exchange. However, the molecular mechanisms for graft-union development are still largely unknown. Here, a micrografting method that has been used widely in Arabidopsis was improved to adapt it a smooth procedure to facilitate sample analysis and to allow it to easily be applied to various dicotyledonous plants. The developmental stage of the graft union was characterized based on this method. Histological analysis suggested that the transport activities of vasculature were recovered at 3 days after grafting (dag) and that auxin modulated the vascular reconnection at 2 dag. Microarray data revealed a signal-exchange process between cells of the scion and stock at 1 dag, which re-established the communication network in the graft union. This process was concomitant with the clearing of cell debris, and both processes were initiated by a wound-induced programme. The results demonstrate the feasibility and potential power of investigating various plant developmental processes by this method, and represent a primary and significant step in interpretation of the molecular mechanisms underlying graft-union development.

Kiwifruit, with its unique flavor, nutritional value, and economic benefits, has gained significant attention in agriculture production. Kiwifruit plants have traditionally been propagated without grafting, but recently, grafting has become a more common practice. A new and complex disease called Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome (KVDS) has emerged in different kiwifruit-growing areas. The syndrome was first recognized in Italy, although similar symptoms had been observed in New Zealand during the 1990s before subsequently spreading worldwide. While kiwifruit was not initially grafted in commercial orchards, the expansion of cultivation into regions with heavy soils or other challenging environmental conditions may make grafting selected kiwifruit cultivars onto KVDS-resistant or -tolerant rootstocks essential for the future of this crop. Grafting is a common horticultural practice, widely used to propagate several commercially important fruit crops, including kiwifruits, apples, grapes, citrus, peaches, apricots, and vegetables. Grafting methods and genetic compatibility have a crucial impact on fruit quality, yield, environmental adaptability, and disease resistance. Achieving successful compatibility involves a series of steps. During grafting, some scion/rootstock combinations exhibit poor graft compatibility, preventing the formation of a successful graft union. Identifying symptoms of graft incompatibility can be challenging, as they are not always evident in the first year after grafting. The causes of graft incompatibility are still largely unknown, especially in the case of kiwifruit. This review aims to examine the mechanisms of graft compatibility and incompatibility across different fruit crops. This review’s goal is to identify potential markers and techniques that could enhance grafting success and boost the commercial production of kiwifruit.

Plant grafting, the ancient practice of cutting and joining different plants, is gaining popularity as an elegant way to generate chimeras that combine desirable traits. Grafting was originally developed in woody species, but the technique has evolved over the past century to now encompass a large number of herbaceous species. The use of plant grafting in science is accelerating in part due to the innovative techniques developed for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana . Here, we review these developments and discuss the advantages and limitations associated with grafting various Arabidopsis tissues at diverse developmental stages.

Argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) is a difficult plant to propagate. In recent years, research has been performed to establish micropropagation systems for argan. The researches aiming at optimizing existing techniques or developing new protocols must consider their costs. Two methods have been reported to produce true-to-type argan plants: microcuttings and micrografting. This paper presents an economic analysis of vitroplant production to determine expenses associated with these two regeneration systems. The cost components included were chemicals, consumables, lab operations, salaries and glassware, but buildings and equipment were not included. There was a small variation between the two systems, which might be significant in large-scale production. In fact, the production unit cost of a plantlet obtained through microcuttings was assessed at US$ 9.04, whereas the cost of a micrografted plant was estimated at US$ 9.13. In microcuttings, losses caused by rooting recalcitrance greatly increased production costs. In micrografting, the work hours required by skilled employees, combined with an additional stage of rootstock preparation, raised the production cost. This study represents the first attempt to estimate the production cost of argan micropropagation to encourage scientists and industry to consider production costs in their future investigations. The findings of this study also provide commercial laboratories looking to invest in argan micropropagation with an idea of which regeneration method to use, the funds to invest and expenses, the losses experienced at each step, and the approximate overall cost to consider.Key messageThe production costs of argan plantlets obtained by microcuttings and micrografting were determined and compared. The loss variables of each method were incorporated, and the economic feasibility was assessed.

Chitin triggers localised and systemic plant immune responses, making it a promising treatment for sustainable disease resistance. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying chitin‐induced systemic effects in plants remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of soil amendment with crab chitin flakes (hereafter chitin) on pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) and systemic disease resistance in various plant species. We found that soil amendment with chitin potentiates PTI and disease resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in lettuce, tomato and Arabidopsis as well as against the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), which causes powdery mildew in wheat. Using micrografting in Arabidopsis, we demonstrated that this systemic effect is dependent on active chitin perception in the roots. We also showed that induced systemic resistance (ISR) and pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs)/coreceptors, but not systemic acquired resistance (SAR), are involved in the systemic effects triggered by chitin soil amendment. These systemic effects correlated with the transcriptional upregulation of key PTI regulators in distal leaves upon chitin soil amendment. Notably, chitin‐triggered systemic immunity was independent of microbes present in soil or chitin flakes. Together, these findings contribute to a better understanding of chitin‐triggered systemic immunity, from active chitin perception in roots to the potentiation of PTI in the leaves, ultimately priming plants to mount enhanced defence responses against pathogen attacks. Our study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of chitin soil amendment and resulting induced immunity and highlights its potential use for sustainable crop protection strategies.

Background Micrografting technology has gained popularity in model plants, with the advantages of a wide grafting range and small space. However, this technique has not been fully explored in tea plants. Results In our study, different rootstocks [radicle (obtained from the germination in seed), epicotyl without cotyledons, epicotyl with cotyledons, tea varieties] and scion (red branch, green branch) grafting combinations were used to estimate the survival rate, plant growth, the compatibility behavior, and cold tolerance of grafted seedlings. Our results showed that the higher survival rate and shooting rate were observed in radicle (obtained from the germinated seed diameter ≥ 15 mm, D3) as the rootstock. Also, the same growth indicators were found in the green branch as scion and radicle as rootstock (GB\\R) were higher than that of other grafting combinations. In addition, the grafted seedlings of LJ43 as rootstock had the best growth rate, and the vascular bundle bridge was completely established in SCZ as scion and LJ43 as rootstock (SCZ/LJ43) graft combination, accompanied with a higher survival rate, shoot rate and leaf number of new shoots and cold tolerance in field experiments. Conclusion Our findings provide a viable tea micrografting method, which has the potential to substitute traditional tea cuttings for tea seedling propagation and thus meet the requirements of tea cultivation.

This study was carried out to assess the potential use and applicability of micrografting technique for developing in vitro grafted plantlets. Microshoots of kiwifruit ‘Miliang-1’ and ‘Hongyang’ were used as rootstock and scion. Accomplishment of in vitro grafting has been examined by varying numerous factors, the physiological state of the rootstock and scion, the pH value of the medium, the concentration of sucrose, the type of medium and the PGRs. The results showed that the best conditions for in vitro grafting of kiwifruit were that the rootstock is not rooted and that both rootstock and scion were free of leaves. The best medium formula suitable for kiwifruit micrografting was 1/2 MS solid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 GA3, 1.0 mg L−1 IBA, 40 g L−1 sucrose and 7 g L−1 agar, pH 6.0. The perlite: peat soil: vermiculite volume ratio at 1:2:1 was the most suitable stroma formula for transplanting micrografted seedlings.Key messageThe results showed that the best conditions for in vitro grafting of kiwifruit were that the rootstock is not rooted and that both rootstock and scion were free of leaves. The best medium formula suitable for kiwifruit micrografting was 1/2 MS solid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 GA3, 1.0mg L−1 IBA, 40 g L−1 sucrose, and 7 g L−1 agar, pH 6.0. The perlite: peat soil: vermiculite volume ratio at 1:2:1 was the most suitable stroma formula for transplanting micrografted seedlings.