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Living wage : regulatory solutions to informal and precarious work in global supply chains
This book is driven by a quest to re-regulate work to reduce informality and inequality, and promote a living wage for more people across the world. It presents the findings of a multidisciplinary study in four countries of varying wealth and development, exploring why people become trapped in precarious work. The accounts describe the impact of supply chain governance, trade agreements, internal and between-country migration, legal factors, as well as the socio-economic characteristics and outlooks of the workers. 0In a unique approach, the chapters describe existing labour regulation measures that have succeeded, but which have to date attracted little scholarly attention. Building on these existing innovations, the book proposes a new international labour law which would incrementally increase the wages of the poor and regulate precarious work in global supply chains.
Book
CREDIBLE RESEARCH DESIGNS FOR MINIMUM WAGE STUDIES
The authors assess the critique by Neumark, Salas, and Wascher (2014) of minimum wage studies that found small effects on teen employment. Data from 1979 to 2014 contradict NSW; the authors show that the disemployment suggested by a model assuming parallel trends across U.S. states mostly reflects differential pre-existing trends. A data-driven LASSO procedure that optimally corrects for state trends produces a small employment elasticity (–0.01). Even a highly sparse model rules out substantial disemployment effects, contrary to NSW’s claim that the authors discard too much information. Synthetic controls do place more weight on nearby states—confirming the value of regional controls—and generate an elasticity of 20.04. A similar elasticity (–0.06) obtains from a design comparing contiguous border counties, which the authors show to be good controls. NSW’s preferred matching estimates mix treatment and control units, obtain poor matches, and find the highest employment declines where the relative minimum wage falls. These findings refute NSW’s key claims.
Journal Article
Five Decades of Chromospheric Activity in 59 Sun-like Stars and New Maunder Minimum Candidate HD 166620
We present five decades of chromospheric activity measurements in 59 Sun-like stars as time series. These include and extend the 35 yr of stellar chromospheric activity observations by the Mount Wilson Survey (1966–2001), and continued observations at Keck by the California Planet Search (1996–). The Mount Wilson Survey was studied closely in 1995, and revealed periodic activity cycles similar to the Sun’s 11 yr cycle. The California Planet Search provides more than five decades of measurements, significantly improving our understanding of these stars’ activity behavior. We have curated the activity measurements in order to create contiguous time series, and have classified the stellar sample according to a predetermined system. We have analyzed 29 stars with periodic cycles using the Lomb–Scargle periodogram, and present best-fit sinusoids to their activity time series. We report the best-fit periods for each cycling star, along with stellar parameters (T eff, log(g), vsin(i), etc.) for the entire sample. As a first application of these data, we offer a possible Maunder minimum candidate, HD 166620.
Journal Article
The fight for fifteen : the right wage for a working America
\"The fight for a higher minimum wage has become the biggest national labor story in decades. Beginning in November 2012, strikes by fast food workers spread across the country, landing in Seattle in May 2013. Within a year, Seattle had adopted a $15 minimum wage--the highest in the United States--without a bloody political battle. Combining history, economics, and commonsense political wisdom, The Fight for Fifteen makes a deeply informed case for a national $15/hour minimum wage as the only practical solution to reversing America's decades-long slide toward becoming a low-wage nation. Drawing both on new scholarship and on his extensive practical experiences organizing workers and grappling with inequality across the United States, David Rolf, president of SEIU 775 (which waged the successful Seattle campaign) offers an accessible explanation of \"middle out\" economics, an emerging popular economic theory that suggests that the origins of prosperity in capitalist economies lie with workers and consumers, not investors and employers. A blueprint for a different and hopeful American future, The Fight for Fifteen offers concrete tools, ideas, and inspiration for anyone interested in real change in our lifetimes\"-- Page 4 of cover.
Book
Minimum quantity lubrication machining nickel base alloy: a comprehensive review
Nickel-based alloys have great application value in aerospace, biomedical industry, chemical industry, and other fields. However, nickel-based alloys are known to be difficult to process, which will generate a lot of heat and friction during processing, which limits the application range of nickel-based alloys. Therefore, a large amount of cutting fluid needs to be used during processing, and the cutting fluid will cause harm to human health and the environment. In order to solve these problems, scholars proposed to use the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) to replace the conventional flood cooling lubrication technique. Recently, many papers have proposed to use MQL for lubrication /cooling in the processing of nickel-based alloys. However, few studies have approached this topic comprehensively. To bridge this gap, this study conducts a comprehensive literature review of the progress made in the processing of nickel-based alloys using various MQL methods. It should be noted that these studies are divided into four categories: vegetable oil-based MQL, cryogenic cooling-based MQL, solid lubricant-based MQL, and electrostatic atomization-based MQL. It is crucial to compare the advantages of these cooling and lubricating technologies in machining nickel-based alloys, analyze their experimental results, and assess their impact on machining quality and tool wear. This review reveals that compared to traditional MQL, vegetable oil-based MQL is more energy-saving and environmentally friendly, resulting in approximately 30% improvement in surface quality and a 50% reduction in tool wear. The addition of solid lubricants to vegetable oil further enhances its lubrication performance. Cryogenic cooling-based MQL enables the attainment of finer grains and smaller sawtooth chips. Electrostatic atomization MQL, by altering the atomization process of traditional MQL, produces more uniform droplets, leading to a 42.4% reduction in tool wear and a 47% improvement in machined surface quality. The purpose of this paper is to help researchers identify existing gaps and to enable MQL to improve the processing quality and application range of nickel-based alloys. Finally, the present technical challenges and future research directions are put forward.
Journal Article
Minimum Wage Policy in Great Britain and the United States
In a thorough and well-documented study of the American and British experience with minimum wage legislation, Prof. Jerold Waltman describes and analyzes the operation of current minimum wage policies and politics in both countries. Where are we and how did we get here? For Britain, he chronicles the events leading up to the enactment of the National Minimum Wage, and then discusses its subsequent evolution. Turning to the United States, he covers the almost moribund but still important federal minimum wage, and then traces developments on the state and local front. After that, he takes up the accomplishments of the living wage movement in each nation. He then assesses whether or not contemporary advocates for heightened minimum wages are laying the groundwork for a rejuvenated welfare state. Are they fashioning a public philosophy that will make the minimum wage once again a central feature of the welfare state, or are they heading down other paths? Providing a context within which to evaluate opposing policy proposals, he also discusses the general aspects of minimum wage policy and examines in detail the history of minimum wages in the two countries.
eBook
The upper limit : how low-wage work defines punishment and welfare
\"Since 1993, crime has fallen in the United States to historical lows, providing extraordinary legitimacy to the country's peculiar mix of welfare and punishment, with ever stingier social programs for the poor and the highest rates of incarceration in the world. The Upper Limit sets out to explain why. It provides a comprehensive theory of the evolution of social and penal policy which can be summarized thus: welfare has to be less attractive than low-wage work, and punishment has to make criminal life less attractive than welfare. Low-wage work sets the upper limit of social and penal policy. Declining living standards for the poor since the 1970s have lowered the upper limit in the United States. The Upper Limit explores how these transformations and the ensuing crime drop have affected the lives of the poor in a formerly high-crime Brooklyn neighborhood, East New York. It explains the dark logic behind police brutality, the trials of prisoner reentry and the inhumanity of New York's homeless shelters\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
REVISITING THE MINIMUM WAGE–EMPLOYMENT DEBATE: THROWING OUT THE BABY WITH THE BATHWATER?
The authors revisit the long-running minimum wage–employment debate to assess new studies claiming that estimates produced by the panel data approach commonly used in recent minimum wage research are flawed by that approach's failure to account for spatial heterogeneity. The new studies use research designs intended to control for this heterogeneity and conclude that minimum wages in the United States have not reduced employment. The authors explore the ability of the new research designs to isolate reliable identifying information, and they test the designs' untested assumptions about the construction of better control groups. Their analysis reveals problems with the new research designs. Moreover, using methods that let the data identify the appropriate control groups, their results reaffirm the evidence of disemployment effects, with teen employment elasticities near -0.15. This evidence, they conclude, still shows that minimum wages pose a tradeoff of higher wages for some against job losses for others.
Journal Article