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PurposeThis paper examines the phenomenon of mixing public floors within private development, shedding light on underlying rationales, the acceptability of integrating different uses, and the various challenges associated with the management and creation of these mixed-use, mixed-ownership buildings.Design/methodology/approachThe topic is reviewed by examining the opinions and perceptions of expert planners and developers using a triangulation of qualitative interviews data and quantitative and qualitative analysis of survey results, cross-referenced with some grey literature in the form of planning tribunal decisions.FindingsFindings suggest that the allocation of public floors is made in response to the shortage of land in high-demand areas with the aim of densifying development and making it more efficient. Experts were generally open to the concept of a private–public floorspace mix, noting that certain public land uses are better than others when combined as floorspace within private structures. Furthermore, the findings highlight managerial obstacles as well as issues with the process of allocating public floors in new plans.Practical implicationsThe findings can be used to provide guidance for municipal authorities and developers looking to make the most of their available land, ensuring that both the public and private domains can coexist as cities continue to grow and become more densely populated in the future.Originality/valueFew studies have reviewed this type of public–private mix, while highlighting challenges in their creation and management. The Israeli case-study in the paper showcases a unique context where high growth rates, increasing densification, and vertical development all spur development in this direction.

Mixing productive economic activities with housing is a hot topic in academic and policy discourses on the redevelopment of large cities today. Mixed-use is proposed to reduce adverse effects of modernist planning such as single-use zoning, traffic congestion, and loss of quality in public space. Moreover, productive city discourses plead for the re-integration of industry and manufacturing in the urban tissue. Often, historical examples of successful mixed-use in urban areas serve as a guiding image, with vertical symbiosis appearing as the holy grail of the live-work mix-discourse. This article examines three recent live-work mix projects developed by a public real estate agency in Brussels. We investigate how different spatial layouts shape the links between productive, residential, and other land uses and how potential conflicts between residents and economic actors are mediated. We develop a theoretical framework based on earlier conceptualisations of mixed-use development to analyse the spatial and functional relationships within the projects. We situate them within the housing and productive city policies in Brussels. From this analysis, we conclude that mixed-use should be understood by considering spatial and functional relationships at various scales and by studying the actual spatial layout of shared spaces, logistics and nuisance mitigation. Mixed-use is highly contextual, depending on the characteristics of the area as well as policy goals. The vertical symbiosis between different land uses is but one example of valid mixed-use strategies along with good neighbourship, overlap, and tolerance. As such, future commercial and industrial areas will occur in various degrees of mixity in our cities.

Christchurch, one of New Zealand’s major cities, has been dealing with a housing shortage after a series of major earthquakes struck in 2010 and 2011, causing extensive damage to the city. Consequently, two distinct types of housing development appeared in the suburban areas of Christchurch: low-density single-use neighbourhoods and higher-density mixed-use neighbourhoods. The latter type is relatively new for Christchurch suburban areas where low population densities dominated prior to 2011. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the preferences of the residents of Christchurch and its surrounding districts for living in mixed-use neighbourhoods. Specifically, it sought to identify the weights that those residents place on the costs of house purchase and transport, versus neighbourhood costs associated with mixed-use development, when purchasing a residential property in the suburban areas of Christchurch. For this, a stated preference survey was developed, using the efficient design method, and mixed-logit models were estimated using the data. The results show that most of those residents prefer to live in low-density single-use neighbourhoods rather than in higher-density mixed-use neighbourhoods, and are sensitive to increases in the land price, density of development and diversity of land use in the areas. 新西兰主要城市之一克赖斯特彻奇 （基督堂市） 2010 和 2011 年经历了一系列地震灾害， 对城市造成广泛损坏，此后一直面临住房紧缺。随之而来的，克赖斯特彻奇郊区出现了两 种截然不同的住房开发类型：低密度单一用途街区和高密度混合利用街区。在 2011 年之 前，克赖斯特彻奇郊区以低人口密度为主导，后一种类型相对而言是新来的事物。本研宄 旨在考察克赖斯特彻奇及周边地区居民对于在混合利用街区居住的偏好。具体而言，本文 希望厘清这些居民在克赖斯特彻奇郊区购买住宅物业时，对购房和交通成本相比与混合利 用相关的街区成本所做的权衡。为此，我们运用有效设计的方法制定了一项自述偏好调查, 并运用所得数据估测了混合评定模型。结果显示，大多数居民偏好于在低密度单一用途的 街区居住，而非在高密度混合利用街区居住，并且对该地区地价的攀升以及开发密度和土 地利用多样性的增强颇为敏感。

Vertical mixed-use development is a favourite choice in urban development in high-density Asian cities to increase the land use efficiency. The flexibility of construction timing and the restrictions by lease contracts in vertical mixeduse projects are usually different from horizontal ones and single-use properties. To improve the valuation for vertical mixed-use projects, this study re-examines the real option pricing model. Simultaneous development for different uses and a finite maximum waiting period are the major characteristics of these projects. An approach is introduced to determine whether to develop a mixed-use project vertically or horizontally on the basis of a statistics called the critical height premium. The vertical mixed-use project pricing model can be further verified by containing a height premium if market price information is derived from non-vertical mixed-use properties. This study suggests a more comprehensive real option approach to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of operating vertical mixed-use developments.

Human comfort is a major criterion for mixed-use buildings to be habitable, leading to the usage of technologies such as HVAC and artificial lighting. These devices demand high electricity, causing a 25% rise in building greenhouse gas emissions. It is important for architects to develop energy efficient design strategies in order to maintain and improve user comfort in mixed-use buildings. This study investigated the impact of energy efficiency design strategies on users’ comfort in selected mixed-used building in Lagos State, Nigeria, with a view to identify areas for further improvements. The research adopted a quantitative approach. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data. The Statistical Product & Service Solutions software was used to analyse the data. The result was presented with the aid of texts, tables and graphs. The findings indicated that building orientation was one of the most important techniques, affecting each dimension of human comfort. This revelation suggests that when adopting energy efficiency measures, a building’s early design stage should focus on enhancing human comfort. The study recommended that professionals conduct critical analysis on buildings in the design stage to guarantee energy-efficient approaches used throughout the planning, design, and construction stages of mixed-use buildings. In order to create sustainable future designs, it is therefore necessary to recognise the significance of energy efficient design techniques on users’ comfort.

Cities have agency to reinterpret their building, zoning, and environmental code policies to adapt to the new economy and contemporary ways products are made in urban settings. The many vacant spaces in urban centers--from retail spaces to former factory buildings--can be rehabilitated for making things in the new urban economy of artisanal and light manufacturing and thus mix with other uses. New buildings can also be purpose-built with these mixes to meet current safety and environmental codes, and, if zoned proactively, these spaces can provide economic stability, nimble development alternatives, and dynamic urban symbiosis. Continuing the research I have conducted for my exhibitions, books, essays, and fieldwork in specific cities, this essay analyzes ways that production can be reinserted into cities in mixed-use buildings and districts that are now in the planning stages or have been recently realized. Some projects feature block-level mixes and vertical building configurations created by the volumetric separation of production from living as a new typology. The projects discussed here can inspire and guide city planning policies and economic development departments by integrating the new small, clean, and quiet production into cities and allowing for much more flexible and granular land-use and zoning regulations that will support small- and medium-sized enterprises and provide jobs for local residents. Key to these projects is the strength of mission-driven organizations that can work to bring manufacturing back through new zoning code overlays and social connectivity. Project locations include those where I have been working, or conducting in-person research in the U.S. cities of Berkeley, New York, Newark, Somerville, Trenton, and in Europe those of Brussels, Rome, and Turin. Keywords artisan; ecosystem; hybrid; mixed-use; mixity; productive cities; regeneration; small- and medium-sized enterprises; urban manufacturing; zoning overlays

The attempt by the Berlin Government to develop a publicly owned commercial courtyard infrastructure is anchored in various district and city‐wide planning frameworks. The main rationale is to support small and medium‐sized enterprises from manifold branches (light manufacturing, crafts, start‐ups, cultural industries) with appropriate and affordable spaces for future industrial and commercial‐based services of general interest (gewerbliche Daseinsvorsorge). The general urban and architectural design concept for what has been dubbed commercial courtyards 2.0 (Gewerbehof 2.0) is derived from the traditional Berlin Mix (Berliner Mischung) based on mixed‐use development, short distances, local sourcing, and a vertical commercial building structure adapted to contemporary framework conditions. Seven different state‐owned properties have been taken into consideration for further development whereof three of these properties (located in the districts of Mitte, Lichtenberg, Marzahn‐Hellersdorf) will be showcased here. Methodologically, we carried out location analyses, created urban and architectural designs, utilization concepts and conducted expert interviews, based on a research‐to‐practice approach and an inside‐outside perspective. Our results show that—despite great future ideas such as innovation‐oriented, mixed‐use, crafts, cultural‐creative, manufacturing‐based, and socially anchored commercial courtyards with childcare facilities—competing and conflicting uses, economic profitability considerations, the fiscal situation of public authorities, urban development policies, property laws and building regulations impose a tight straitjacket concerning its realization. Pertinent commercial courtyard planning programs and experience with publicly owned operating companies from Berlin itself in the past and in other large German cities indicate that if long‐term planning horizons for such endeavors are envisioned these ventures can be successful.

Conventional and emerging paradigms of urbanism require new responses under the current circumstances, especially in relation to the integration of sustainability dimensions and technology advances. The escalating rate of urbanization, coupled with the climate emergency, fundamentally indeed disrupt the challenges that urbanism research and practice deal with, calling for adopting more innovative approaches to urban planning and design. With cities contributing around 65% of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and experiencing an unprecedented growth of population, contemporary urban policy needs to be redefined and re-assessed accordingly. While numerous urban models, such as the Compact City, the Eco-City, the Sustainable City, and the Smart City, have emerged in response to the challenges of sustainability and urbanization, the 15-Minute City has recently gained a steep popularity. This paper explores the theoretical, practical, and technological foundations of the 15-Minute City, with a particular focus on the proximity dimension of mixed land-use and its environmental, social, and economic benefits of sustainability as supported by smart technologies. We argue that this evolving model of urbanism has the potential to gain more expansion and success in regard to building more sustainable, efficient, resilient, equitable, and inclusive cities in line with the global agendas of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, as it adds a strategic value to the amalgam of the prevailing and emerging paradigms of urbanism and their synergies with respect to increasing the benefits of sustainability while emphasizing its environmental dimension.

Advancements in technology and architecture enable mixed-use development while normative settings like the European Commission’s New Leipzig Charter support the concept of a productive city. Nonetheless, small urban manufacturers (SUMs) including crafts still face displacement due to property prices, conflicts with housing, planning laws, and building regulations. Urban planning and economic development emphasise the importance of identifying and redeveloping suitable sites for urban manufacturing companies. Largely unanswered, however, is whether the next generation of manufacturers (apprentices) want mixed-use locations within the city or space sharing, and if so, under which conditions. Based on two written surveys, this article examines the location requirements of SUMs in Germany and the willingness of apprentices in the Ruhr area to embrace mixed-use buildings and shared spaces. The study focuses on three craft groups: store crafts, workshop crafts, and construction site crafts. The results show that SUMs in Germany and manufacturing apprentices in the Ruhr prioritise car- and security-related infrastructure, as well as low real-estate costs. Store crafts specifically seek affordable and well-connected ground-floor locations. Construction site crafts prioritise (un)loading facilities for trucks on industrial land over sustainable transport infrastructure, and they differ significantly from the other craft groups in terms of mixed-use preferences. However, all craft groups express openness to mixed-use locations with offices and additional workshops and shared spaces like garages, canteens, and showrooms. The article suggests that commercial courtyards could effectively meet the requirements and desires of apprentices and urban planners alike.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, daylight access-related regulations have been an integral part of urban development. The Diagonal Plane Restriction in South Korea is one such regulation. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the policy by investigating buildings in General Residential Districts in Seoul and the factors that have influenced its success. First, selected buildings were analyzed based on their relative core locations, massing morphology, and the glazing proportions on the south elevations. The initial results showed that nearly 50% of the selected buildings had cores on the south side, thus limiting daylight infiltration to the habitable spaces with a glazing ratio under 30%. Secondly, binary logistic regression was performed between identified types and variables to identify the primary factors affecting the ineffective arrangement. The year of a building’s construction and its primary use can significantly predict the effective applicability of a restriction. Lastly, further descriptive analysis shows how policy changes directly contributed to the growth of low-performing types and commercial uses in residential districts. The results of this study point to the shortcomings of urban policy-making without considering the particulars of each urban context. Our findings could assist planners and policy-makers in redesigning regulations for ensuring optimal daylight access in residential districts.