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What is linguistic morphology?. 1. Morphology: basic notions. 2. Morphological analysis. Word formation. 3. Derivation. 4. Compounding. Inflection. 5. Inflection. 6. Inflectional systems. Interfaces. 7. The interface between morphology and phonology. 8. Morphology and syntax: demarcation, interaction and interface. 9. Morphology and semantics. Morphology and mind. 10. Morphology and psycholinguistics. 11. Morphology and language change. References. Language index. Subject index.

In this study, the diatom Entomoneis paludosa (W. Smith) Reimer is reported for the first time from Salar de Ascotán, in the Región of Antofagasta, Chile. Only isolated valves were found, and the species is described using light and electron microscopy techniques. Comments about its morphology and ecology are also given. Till now E. paludosa had been reported only from other four Chilean localities.

Se describe a Cymbellonitzschia chilena como una especie nueva de diatomea. El taxón se caracteriza por poseer valvas angostas, arqueadas, con el lado dorsal fuertemente convexo, el ventral cóncavo a sub-linear, con extremos delgados, rostrado-redondeados. Eje apical 20.2-35.0 μm. Canal del rafe marginal, rafe continuo, ubicado en el lado dorsal o ventral de la valva. Estrías paralelas, 20-24 en 10 μm. En vista conectival el frústulo es rectangular, curvado. Se señalan las diferencias existentes con las restantes especies del género.

An invasive mealybug (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) was first detected and identified in Florida in 2019 as Phenacoccus sisymbriifolium Granara de Willink. This species was described from Uruguay in 2007 on Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae) and Florida specimens largely matched the description. However, new morphological and molecular evidence supports that this species is Phenacoccus miruku Tanaka & Choi, recently described from Japan in 2022. P. miruku is presumed Neotropical or Nearctic in origin and invasive in Japan. We discuss the issues around the taxonomic identities of these species and for each give diagnoses. An available list of host plants, a current distribution map, notes on ecological associates, images of live specimens in the field, and a key to the species of Phenacoccus in Florida also are provided. Since its detection, this mealybug has been widely found throughout 20 Florida counties with a continuously expanding host list. It is currently most common on roadside weeds such as Bidens alba (L.) DC. and Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) but it has recently been identified on cultivated cropssuchastomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), peppers (Capsicum L.) (Solanaceae), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) (Convolvulaceae). This paper serves to provide information on this emerging mealybug pest, give resources for its identification, and facilitate detection and management. Una cochinilla invasora (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) fue detectada e identificada por primera vez en Florida en 2019 como Phenacoccus sisymbriifolium Granara de Willink. Esta especie fue descrita en Uruguay en 2007 en Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae) y especímenes de Florida coincidían en gran medida con esta descripción. Sin embargo, nueva evidencia morfológica y molecular respalda que esta especie es Phenacoccus miruku Tanaka & Choi, descrita recientemente en Japón en 2022. Se presume que P. miruku es de origen neotropical o neártico e invasivo en Japón. En este estudio, discutimos temas relacionados con las identidades taxonómicas de estas especies y damos diagnósticos para cada una. También se proporciona una lista disponible de plantas hospedantes, un mapa de distribución actual, notas sobre acompañantes ecológicos, imágenes de especímenes vivos en el campo y una clave para las especies de Phenacoccus en Florida. Desde su detección, esta cochinilla se ha encontrado en 20 condados de Florida con una lista de huéspedes en continua expansión. Actualmente es más común en las malezas al borde de las carreteras con Bidens alba (L.) DC. y Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) pero recientemente se ha identificado en cultivos como tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), berenjena (Solanum melongena L.), naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.), pimiento (Capsicum L.) (Solanaceae) y batata (Ipomoea batatas L.) (Convolvulaceae). Este documento sirve para proporcionar información sobre esta emergente plaga de cochinilla, brindar antecedentes para su identificación, y facilitar su detección y manejo.

In the bat genus Carollia, C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata are the most abundant and widely distributed in South America; also, their distributional ranges are almost completely overlapped. Because these species are morphologically very similar, they are frequently misidentified. The aims of this study were to determine the morphological and morphometric differences of C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata. For that reason, I employed a detail morphological assessment and several multivariate morphometric tools. I evaluated 26 normally craniodental variables in 375 adult specimens from Peruvian and Ecuadorian populations. In addition, 54 specimens of C. benkeithi, C. manu, and Carollia sp. were included for comparisons. I found that C. brevicauda and C. perspicillata are differentiated by 28 discrete characters, and are significantly different in 25 morphometric variables. Also, C. brevicauda, C. perspicillata, and C. manu are clustered in a different group from the group of C. benkeithi and Carollia sp. My results complement previous studies adding several characters that confidently differentiate C. brevicauda from C. perspicillata; which needs to be tested in other regions.

The Vampyressa melissa species complex comprises three rare bat species poorly represented in museum collections. Vampyressa melissa and V. sinchi are restricted to the eastern slope of the Andes, while V. elisabethae only is known from Panama, in Central America. The species complex has received recent attention in terms of systematic reviews, which concluded in the description of two species: one from Panama (V. elisabethae) and one from Colombia (V. sinchi). Vampyressa melissa recently was reported from the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, in the department of Casanare. However, morphological and genetic (Cytochrome b) comparisons showed that these specimens belong to an undescribed species of the genus. The new species is the smallest member of the V. melissa complex and has a unique set of morphological characters compared to other Vampyressa species. Molecular evidence shows that the new species is sister to V. melissa (sensu stricto) from Colombia and Peru, albeit with high genetic divergence (7.9%). Nevertheless, Cytochrome b sequences of V. elisabethae and V. sinchi still are unknown. This new species increases to six the number of species in the genus. Vampyressa melissa, V. sinchi, and the new species, exhibit restricted distributions in the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera, in specific altitudinal ranges. Because of geographic constraints, their biological rarity, and the high deforestation rates in their distributional area, we suggest that these three species must be considered as taxa threatened with extinction.

Adaptation and evolution of terrestrial vertebrates inhabiting islands have been the topic of many studies, particularly those seeking to identify trends or patterns in body size in mammals, albeit not necessarily in shape, in relation to mainland populations. The spiny pocket mouse, Chaetodipus spinatus, is distributed in the Baja California peninsula and its surrounding islands. Insular populations became isolated ∼12,000 due to changes in sea level; these populations' matrilinear (mitochondrial) DNA shows minor interpopulation variation. We tested the hypothesis that adaptation and evolution in these island populations involve variation in both skull size and skull shape (using geometric morphometrics) relative to mainland populations, rather than only in size as previously assumed. A total of 363 specimens from 15 insular and peninsular populations were used in analysis of the skull length and geometric morphometric analyses. Our findings revealed significant differences related to skull size among population. The skull shape analyses showed two significantly different morphotypes: one for all island specimens and one for all mainland samples. Our analyses support the hypothesis that insular populations may not only vary in size relative to mainland populations, but may also show variations in shape, regardless of differing conditions across islands.

The Peromyscus maniculatus species complex is one of the most widespread group of small mammals in North America. However, the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships among its constituent taxa remain unclear. As part of a revision of Peromyscus specimens from the highlands of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in central Mexico, we identified five individuals collected in 1968 that differed externally from other Peromyscus specimens, although morphologically similar to P. labecula and P. melanotis, both latter in the P. maniculatus species complex. Based on cranial measurements and mitochondrial DNA sequences, we aimed to more accurately determine the phylogenetic relationships and the taxonomic status of these individuals. Molecular phylogenetic analyses showed that the specimens formed a monophyletic clade sister to the P. maniculatus species complex. Pairwise genetic distances between those specimens and other species within the P. maniculatus species complex were greater than 7.91%. In addition, morphological analyses clearly distinguished the test specimens from P. melanotis and P. labecula. Based on the results of our molecular and morphological analyses, we conclude that these specimens represent an undescribed species of the P. maniculatus species complex, which we describe herein.