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Aims The aim of this study is to investigate differences in gray matter volume and cortical complexity between Parkinson's disease with depression (PDD) patients and Parkinson's disease without depression (PDND) patients. Methods A total of 41 PDND patients, 36 PDD patients, and 38 healthy controls (HC) were recruited and analyzed by Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and surface‐based morphometry (SBM). Differences in gray matter volume and cortical complexity were compared using the one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlated with the Hamilton Depression Scale‐17 (HAMD‐17) scores. Results PDD patients exhibited significant cortical atrophy in various regions, including bilateral medial parietal–occipital–temporal lobes, right dorsolateral temporal lobes, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus, and bilateral hippocampus, compared to HC and PDND groups. A negative correlation between the GMV of left precuneus and HAMD‐17 scores in the PDD group tended to be significant (r = −0.318, p = 0.059). Decreased gyrification index was observed in the bilateral insular and dorsolateral temporal cortex. However, there were no significant differences found in fractal dimension and sulcal depth. Conclusion Our research shows extensive cortical structural changes in the insular cortex, parietal–occipital–temporal lobes, and hippocampal regions in PDD. This provides a morphological perspective for understanding the pathophysiological mechanism underlying depression in Parkinson's disease. The first row of pictures shows extensive cortical volume loss in Parkinson's disease with depression patients, primarily concentrated in the parietal–occipital–temporal lobes, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus. The second row of pictures shows decreased gyrification index in the insula.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex psychiatric disorder with poorly understood etiology. Numerous voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and resting‐state functional imaging studies have provided strong evidence of abnormal brain structure and intrinsic and functional activities in AN, but with inconsistent conclusions. Herein, a whole‐brain meta‐analysis was conducted on VBM (660 patients with AN, and 740 controls) and resting‐state functional imaging (425 patients with AN, and 461 controls) studies that measured differences in the gray matter volume (GMV) and intrinsic functional activity between patients with AN and healthy controls (HCs). Overall, patients with AN displayed decreased GMV in the bilateral median cingulate cortex (extending to the bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate cortex), and left middle occipital gyrus (extending to the left inferior parietal lobe). In resting‐state functional imaging studies, patients with AN displayed decreased resting‐state functional activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral median cingulate cortex, and increased resting‐state functional activity in the right parahippocampal gyrus. This multimodal meta‐analysis identified reductions of gray matter and functional activity in the anterior and median cingulate in patients with AN, which contributes to further understanding of the pathophysiology of AN. This meta‐analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the functional activity and gray matter in the cingulate cortex in patients with AN, particularly in the ACC and MCC, which imply that structural changes may underlie functional alterations. These results expand the current understanding of functional and structural brain abnormalities in AN patients, which would provide additional potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Neuroeconomic findings show that interoceptive sensitivity contributes to the typical overweighting of prospective losses over gains known as “loss aversion.” Whether the latter is related to the morphometric properties of the insula—a key node for interoception—remains, however, debated, due to previous conflicting evidence of both positive and negative correlations between their respective metrics. We combined a well‐established behavioral modeling approach with a comprehensive morphometric protocol to explore both a linear and quadratic relationship between loss aversion and distinct voxel‐based and surface‐based cortical features in a sample of 208 healthy young individuals. Both univariate and multivariate analyses highlighted a positive quadratic (i.e., U‐shaped) relationship between loss aversion and distinct morphometric features of the posterior insula and somatosensory‐parietal cortex. These results first suggest that previous inconsistent findings might reflect methodological differences across studies, facilitating the detection of either the descending or ascending sectors of a U‐shaped relationship between loss aversion and structural features. Moreover, they provide novel insights into the interoceptive modulation of choice‐related evaluations guiding decision‐making towards or away from loss avoidance, thus paving the way to studies investigating alterations of this mechanism in neuro‐psychiatric conditions and its susceptibility to different types of intervention including neuromodulation. Univariate and multivariate analyses highlighted a positive, “U‐shaped”, quadratic relationship between loss aversion and posterior insular/somatosensory morphometric features. These results provide novel insights into the interoceptive modulation of choice‐related evaluations guiding decision‐making towards or away from loss avoidance, paving the way to studies investigating alterations of this mechanism in neuro‐psychiatric conditions.

Neuroimaging studies on major depressive disorder (MDD) have identified an extensive range of brain structural abnormalities, but the exact neural mechanisms associated with MDD remain elusive. Most previous studies were performed with voxel- or surface-based morphometry which were univariate methods without considering spatial information across voxels/vertices. Brain morphology was investigated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and source-based morphometry (SBM) in 1082 MDD patients and 990 healthy controls (HCs) from the REST-meta-MDD Consortium. We first examined group differences in regional grey matter (GM) volumes and structural covariance networks between patients and HCs. We then compared first-episode, drug-naïve (FEDN) patients, and recurrent patients. Additionally, we assessed the effects of symptom severity and illness duration on brain alterations. VBM showed decreased GM volume in various regions in MDD patients including the superior temporal cortex, anterior and middle cingulate cortex, inferior frontal cortex, and precuneus. SBM returned differences only in the prefrontal network. Comparisons between FEDN and recurrent MDD patients showed no significant differences by VBM, but SBM showed greater decreases in prefrontal, basal ganglia, visual, and cerebellar networks in the recurrent group. Moreover, depression severity was associated with volumes in the inferior frontal gyrus and precuneus, as well as the prefrontal network. Simultaneous application of VBM and SBM methods revealed brain alterations in MDD patients and specified differences between recurrent and FEDN patients, which tentatively provide an effective multivariate method to identify potential neurobiological markers for depression.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to combine voxel-based morphometry, deformation-based morphometry, and surface-based morphometry to analyze gray matter volume and cortex shape in classical trigeminal neuralgia patients.MethodsThis study included 79 classical trigeminal neuralgia patients and age- and sex-matched 81 healthy controls. The aforementioned three methods were used to analyze brain structure in classical trigeminal neuralgia patients. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of brain structure with the trigeminal nerve and clinical parameters.ResultsThe bilateral trigeminal nerve was atrophied, and the ipsilateral trigeminal nerve volume was smaller than the contralateral volume in the classical trigeminal neuralgia. The gray matter volume of Temporal_Pole_Sup_R and Precentral_R was found to be decreased using voxel-based morphometry. The gray matter volume of Temporal_Pole_Sup_R had a positive correlation with disease duration and a negative correlation with the cross-section area of the compression point and the quality-of-life score in trigeminal neuralgia. The gray matter volume of Precentral_R was negatively correlated with the ipsilateral volume of the trigeminal nerve cisternal segment, cross-section area of compression point, and visual analogue scale. The gray matter volume of Temporal_Pole_Sup_L was found to be increased using deformation-based morphometry and had a negative correlation with the self-rating anxiety scale. The gyrification of the middle temporal gyrus_L increased and the Postcentral_L thickness decreased, as detected using surface-based morphometry.ConclusionsThe gray matter volume and cortical morphology of pain-related brain regions were correlated with clinical and trigeminal nerve parameters. voxel-based morphometry, deformation-based morphometry, and surface-based morphometry complemented each other in analyzing the brain structures of patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia and provided a basis for studying the pathophysiology of classical trigeminal neuralgia.HighlightsWe first applied the three methods (VBM, DBM, and SBM) to the brain structure study in CTN and found that the three methods were complementary.Some of the different brain regions correlated with clinical parameters, TGNcV, and CSA of the compression point.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) tends to emerge during adolescence; however, neurobiological research in adolescents has lagged behind that in adults. This study aimed to characterize gray matter (GM) structural alterations in adolescents with MDD using comprehensive morphological analyses. This study included 93 adolescent MDD patients and 77 healthy controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), deformation-based morphometry (DBM), and surface-based morphometry (SBM) methods were used to analyze GM morphological alterations in adolescent MDD patients. Sex-by-group and age-by-group interactions, as well as the relationships between altered GM structure and clinical characteristics were also analyzed. Whole-brain VBM and DBM analyses revealed GM atrophy in the left thalamus and bilateral midbrain in adolescent MDD patients. Whole-brain SBM analysis revealed that adolescent MDD patients, relative to controls, showed decreased thickness in the left postcentral gyrus and left precentral gyrus; increased thickness in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus and right lateral orbitofrontal gyrus; and decreased fractal dimension in the right lateral occipital gyrus. A significant sex-by-group interaction effect was found in the fractal dimension of the left lateral occipital gyrus. The volume of the left thalamus and the thickness of the left superior temporal gyrus were correlated with the duration of disease in adolescent MDD patients. This study suggested that adolescent MDD had GM morphological abnormalities in the frontal-limbic, subcortical, perceptual network and midbrain regions, with some morphological abnormalities associated with disease duration and sex differences. These findings provide new insight into the neuroanatomical substrates underlying adolescent MDD.

The Beas sub basin falling under the Indus basin in Northern India is experiencing notable changes due to human interventions since the rise of civilization in the Indus valley. The incessant anthropogenic pressure, infrastructural development, deforestation and encroachment have made the sub basin more vulnerable to land degradation, erosion and landslides. Thus this study attempts to classify the watersheds based on morphometric characteristics and prioritize the watersheds for sub basin management as a whole so that restoration process can concentrate on the high risk prone watersheds. In this study ALOS PALSAR DEM of 12.5 meters was used to extract the drainage network, watershed, catchment sub basin and basin boundary complemented by topographic and hydrological maps. The study analyses 49 morphometric parameters under categories like linear, areal and relief characteristics. The result classifies the erosion capacity of total 4126 streams with the cumulative length of 12,287.51 km over a sub basin area of 19,338.8 Km2. The morphometric parameters were integrated for each watershed and compound factor was given to rank vulnerability in the GIS environment. The results depicted that sub watershed numbers 2, 6, 12, 16 were high risk prone and underlined as an area which requires immediate attention for soil water conservation measures.

People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in frontal, temporal, parietal and striato-thalamic networks. It is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are distinctive or shared. This comparative meta-analysis aimed to identify the most consistent disorder-differentiating and shared structural and functional abnormalities. Systematic literature search was conducted for whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of cognitive control comparing people with ASD or ADHD with typically developing controls. Regional gray matter volume (GMV) and fMRI abnormalities during cognitive control were compared in the overall sample and in age-, sex- and IQ-matched subgroups with seed-based d mapping meta-analytic methods. Eighty-six independent VBM (1533 ADHD and 1295 controls; 1445 ASD and 1477 controls) and 60 fMRI datasets (1001 ADHD and 1004 controls; 335 ASD and 353 controls) were identified. The VBM meta-analyses revealed ADHD-differentiating decreased ventromedial orbitofrontal (z = 2.22, p < 0.0001) but ASD-differentiating increased bilateral temporal and right dorsolateral prefrontal GMV (zs ⩾ 1.64, ps ⩽ 0.002). The fMRI meta-analyses of cognitive control revealed ASD-differentiating medial prefrontal underactivation but overactivation in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and precuneus (zs ⩾ 1.04, ps ⩽ 0.003). During motor response inhibition specifically, ADHD relative to ASD showed right inferior fronto-striatal underactivation (zs ⩾ 1.14, ps ⩽ 0.003) but shared right anterior insula underactivation. People with ADHD and ASD have mostly distinct structural abnormalities, with enlarged fronto-temporal GMV in ASD and reduced orbitofrontal GMV in ADHD; and mostly distinct functional abnormalities, which were more pronounced in ASD.

Understanding how function and structure are organized and their coupling with clinical traits in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a primary goal in network neuroscience research for ASD. Atypical brain functional networks and structures in individuals with ASD have been reported, but whether these associations show heterogeneous hierarchy modeling in adolescents and adults with ASD remains to be clarified. In this study, 176 adolescent and 74 adult participants with ASD without medication or comorbidities and sex, age matched healthy controls (HCs) from 19 research groups from the openly shared Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II database were included. To investigate the relationship between the functional gradient, structural changes, and clinical symptoms of brain networks in adolescents and adults with ASD, functional gradient and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) analyses based on 1000 parcels defined by Schaefer mapped to Yeo's seven‐network atlas were performed. Pearson's correlation was calculated between the gradient scores, gray volume and density, and clinical traits. The subsystem‐level analysis showed that the second gradient scores of the default mode networks and frontoparietal network in patients with ASD were relatively compressed compared to adolescent HCs. Adult patients with ASD showed an overall compression gradient of 1 in the ventral attention networks. In addition, the gray density and volumes of the subnetworks showed no significant differences between the ASD and HC groups at the adolescent stage. However, adults with ASD showed decreased gray density in the limbic network. Moreover, numerous functional gradient parameters, but not VBM parameters, in adolescents with ASD were considerably correlated with clinical traits in contrast to those in adults with ASD. Our findings proved that the atypical changes in adolescent ASD mainly involve the brain functional network, while in adult ASD, the changes are more related to brain structure, including gray density and volume. These changes in functional gradients or structures are markedly correlated with clinical traits in patients with ASD. Our study provides a novel understanding of the pathophysiology of the structure–function hierarchy in ASD. The brain atypical changes in adolescent participants with autism mainly involve the brain functional network. In adult participants with autism, the brain changes are more related to brain structure including grey density and volume. These changes in functional gradients or structures were correlated with parts of clinical traits in autism spectrum disorder.

Emerging evidence suggests distinct neurobiological correlates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) between sexes, which however remain largely unexplored. This work from ENIGMA Addiction Working Group aimed to characterize the sex differences in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) correlates of AUD using a whole‐brain, voxel‐based, multi‐tissue mega‐analytic approach, thereby extending our recent surface‐based region of interest findings on a nearly matching sample using a complementary methodological approach. T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 653 people with AUD and 326 controls was analyzed using voxel‐based morphometry. The effects of group, sex, group‐by‐sex, and substance use severity in AUD on brain volumes were assessed using General Linear Models. Individuals with AUD relative to controls had lower GM volume in striatal, thalamic, cerebellar, and widespread cortical clusters. Group‐by‐sex effects were found in cerebellar GM and WM volumes, which were more affected by AUD in females than males. Smaller group‐by‐sex effects were also found in frontotemporal WM tracts, which were more affected in AUD females, and in temporo‐occipital and midcingulate GM volumes, which were more affected in AUD males. AUD females but not males showed a negative association between monthly drinks and precentral GM volume. Our results suggest that AUD is associated with both shared and distinct widespread effects on GM and WM volumes in females and males. This evidence advances our previous region of interest knowledge, supporting the usefulness of adopting an exploratory perspective and the need to include sex as a relevant moderator variable in AUD. We aimed to characterize the sex differences in gray matter and white matter correlates of alcohol use disorder using a whole‐brain, voxel‐based, multi‐tissue mega‐analytic approach. We found that individuals with AUD relative to controls had lower GM volume in widespread brain clusters. Group‐by‐sex effects were found in cerebellar GM and WM volumes, which were more affected by AUD in females than males.