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Face morphing and related morphing attacks have emerged as a serious security threat for automatic face recognition systems and a challenging research field. Therefore, the availability of effective and reliable morphing attack detectors is strongly needed. In this paper, we proposed a framework based on a double Siamese architecture to tackle the morphing attack detection task in the differential scenario, in which two images, a trusted live acquired image and a probe image (morphed or bona fide) are given as the input for the system. In particular, the presented framework aimed to merge the information computed by two different modules to predict the final score. The first one was designed to extract information about the identity of the input faces, while the second module was focused on the detection of artifacts related to the morphing process. Experimental results were obtained through several and rigorous cross-dataset tests, exploiting three well-known datasets, namely PMDB, MorphDB, and AMSL, containing automatic and manually refined facial morphed images, showing that the proposed framework was able to achieve satisfying results.

Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world. During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes, a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, we introduce four new genera, viz. Aquabispora , Neocirrenalia , Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella , and 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys chishuiensis , A. effusa , A. pyriformis , Actinocladium aquaticum , Annulatascus tratensis , Aquabispora setosa , Aqualignicola setosa , Aquimassariosphaeria vermiformis , Ceratosphaeria flava , Chaetosphaeria polygonalis , Conlarium muriforme , Digitodesmium chishuiense , Ellisembia aquirostrata , Fuscosporella atrobrunnea , Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme , H. caohaiense , Hongkongmyces aquisetosus , Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis , Monilochaetes alsophilae , Mycoenterolobium macrosporum , Myrmecridium splendidum , Neohelicascus griseoflavus , Neohelicomyces denticulatus , Neohelicosporium fluviatile , Neokalmusia aquibrunnea , Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa , Neomyrmecridium naviculare , Neospadicoides biseptata , Ocellisimilis clavata , Ophioceras thailandense , Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus , Phialoturbella aquilunata , Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum , Pseudodactylaria denticulata , P. longidenticulata , P. uniseptata , Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca , Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora , Setoseptoria bambusae , Shrungabeeja fluviatilis , Sporidesmium tratense , S. versicolor , Sporoschisma atroviride , Stanjehughesia aquatica , Thysanorea amniculi , Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata , with an illustrated account, discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa. Seven new combinations are introduced, viz. Aquabispora grandispora (≡ Boerlagiomyces grandisporus ), A. websteri (≡ Boerlagiomyces websteri ), Ceratosphaeria suthepensis (≡ Pseudohalonectria suthepensis ), Gamsomyces aquaticus (≡ Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum ), G. malabaricus (≡ Gangliostilbe malabarica ), Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora ), and Rhamphoriopsis glauca (≡ Chloridium glaucum ). Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats. Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora ). Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium , Aqualignicola , and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections. Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated. The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.

Many species of insects display dispersing and nondispersing morphs. Among these, aphids are one of the best examples of taxa that have evolved specialized morphs for dispersal versus reproduction. The dispersing morphs typically possess a full set of wings as well as a sensory and reproductive physiology that is adapted to flight and reproducing in a new location. In contrast, the nondispersing morphs are wingless and show adaptations to maximize fecundity. In this review, we provide an overview of the major features of the aphid wing dimorphism. We first provide a description of the dimorphism and an overview of its phylogenetic distribution. We then review what is known about the mechanisms underlying the dimorphism and end by discussing its evolutionary aspects.

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10–15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of ‘Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’ in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the “Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi ” published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis , Collophora (as Collophorina ), Cryomyces , Dematiopleospora , Heterospora (as Heterosporicola ), Lithophila , Palmomyces (as Palmaria ) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae . Four species of Lalaria , which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell & Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. (Art. 59).

Background Despite the prevalence and recurrence of polyploidization in the speciation of flowering plants, its impacts on crop intraspecific genome diversification are largely unknown. Brassica rapa is a mesopolyploid species that is domesticated into many subspecies with distinctive morphotypes. Results Herein, we report the consequences of the whole-genome triplication (WGT) on intraspecific diversification using a pan-genome analysis of 16 de novo assembled and two reported genomes. Among the genes that derive from WGT, 13.42% of polyploidy-derived genes accumulate more transposable elements and non-synonymous mutations than other genes during individual genome evolution. We denote such genes as being “flexible.” We construct the Brassica rapa ancestral genome and observe the continuing influence of the dominant subgenome on intraspecific diversification in B. rapa . The gene flexibility is biased to the more fractionated subgenomes (MFs), in contrast to the more intact gene content of the dominant LF (least fractionated) subgenome. Furthermore, polyploidy-derived flexible syntenic genes are implicated in the response to stimulus and the phytohormone auxin; this may reflect adaptation to the environment. Using an integrated graph-based genome, we investigate the structural variation (SV) landscapes in 524 B. rapa genomes. We observe that SVs track morphotype domestication. Four out of 266 candidate genes for Chinese cabbage domestication are speculated to be involved in the leafy head formation. Conclusions This pan-genome uncovers the possible contributions of allopolyploidization on intraspecific diversification and the possible and underexplored role of SVs in favorable trait domestication. Collectively, our work serves as a rich resource for genome-based B. rapa improvement.

This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic papers where materials are examined, described and novel combinations are proposed where necessary to improve our traditional species concepts and provide updates on their classification. In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets (rDNA, TEF-α, RBP2 and β-Tubulin) to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic position of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are being proposed, we apply an integrative approach (morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable). Notes on 125 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper, including eight new genera, 101 new species, two new combinations, one neotype, four reference specimens, new host or distribution records for eight species and one alternative morphs. The new genera introduced in this paper are Alloarthopyrenia , Arundellina , Camarosporioides , Neomassaria , Neomassarina , Neotruncatella , Paracapsulospora and Pseudophaeosphaeria . The new species are Alfaria spartii , Alloarthopyrenia italica , Anthostomella ravenna , An . thailandica , Arthrinium paraphaeospermum , Arundellina typhae , Aspergillus koreanus , Asterina cynometrae , Bertiella ellipsoidea , Blastophorum aquaticum , Cainia globosa , Camarosporioides phragmitis , Ceramothyrium menglunense , Chaetosphaeronema achilleae , Chlamydotubeufia helicospora , Ciliochorella phanericola , Clavulinopsis aurantiaca , Colletotrichum insertae , Comoclathris italica , Coronophora myricoides , Cortinarius fulvescentoideus , Co . nymphatus , Co . pseudobulliardioides , Co . tenuifulvescens , Cunninghamella gigacellularis , Cyathus pyristriatus , Cytospora cotini , Dematiopleospora alliariae , De . cirsii , Diaporthe aseana , Di . garethjonesii , Distoseptispora multiseptata , Dis . tectonae , Dis . tectonigena , Dothiora buxi , Emericellopsis persica , Gloniopsis calami , Helicoma guttulatum , Helvella floriforma , H . oblongispora , Hermatomyces subiculosa , Juncaceicola italica , Lactarius dirkii , Lentithecium unicellulare , Le . voraginesporum , Leptosphaeria cirsii , Leptosphaeria irregularis , Leptospora galii , Le . thailandica , Lindgomyces pseudomadisonensis , Lophiotrema bambusae , Lo . fallopiae , Meliola citri-maximae , Minimelanolocus submersus , Montagnula cirsii , Mortierella fluviae , Muriphaeosphaeria ambrosiae , Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi , Neomassaria fabacearum , Neomassarina thailandica , Neomicrosphaeropsis cytisi , Neo . cytisinus , Neo . minima , Neopestalotiopsis cocoës , Neopestalotiopsis musae , Neoroussoella lenispora , Neotorula submersa , Neotruncatella endophytica , Nodulosphaeria italica , Occultibambusa aquatica , Oc . chiangraiensis , Ophiocordyceps hemisphaerica , Op . lacrimoidis , Paracapsulospora metroxyli , Pestalotiopsis sequoiae , Peziza fruticosa , Pleurotrema thailandica , Poaceicola arundinis , Polyporus mangshanensis , Pseudocoleophoma typhicola , Pseudodictyosporium thailandica , Pseudophaeosphaeria rubi , Purpureocillium sodanum , Ramariopsis atlantica , Rhodocybe griseoaurantia , Rh . indica , Rh . luteobrunnea , Russula indoalba , Ru . pseudoamoenicolor , Sporidesmium aquaticivaginatum , Sp . olivaceoconidium , Sp . pyriformatum , Stagonospora forlicesenensis , Stagonosporopsis centaureae , Terriera thailandica , Tremateia arundicola , Tr . guiyangensis , Trichomerium bambusae , Tubeufia hyalospora , Tu . roseohelicospora and Wojnowicia italica . New combinations are given for Hermatomyces mirum and Pallidocercospora thailandica . A neotype is proposed for Cortinarius fulvescens . Reference specimens are given for Aquaphila albicans , Leptospora rubella , Platychora ulmi and Meliola pseudosasae , while new host or distribution records are provided for Diaporthe eres , Di. siamensis , Di . foeniculina , Dothiorella iranica , Do. sarmentorum , Do. vidmadera , Helvella tinta and Vaginatispora fuckelii , with full taxonomic details. An asexual state is also reported for the first time in Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum . This paper contributes to a more comprehensive update and improved identification of many ascomycetes and basiodiomycetes.

Freshwater hyphomycetes are a highly diverse group of fungi with a worldwide distribution and have been mostly reported from tropical and subtropical regions. During investigations of freshwater fungi from the Greater Mekong subregion in China and Thailand, sixteen freshwater hyphomycetes (three of them belong to the class Dothideomycetes while thirteen belong to the class Sordariomycetes) were collected. Based on morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, Neospadicoides thailandica, Pseudodactylaria aquatica, Sporidesmium nujiangense, Tetraploa thailandica, Vamsapriyaaquatica and Wongia fusiformis are described as new species; Aquapteridospora bambusinum is proposed as a new combination; Acrodictys liputii, Chloridium gonytrichii, Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense, Pleomonodictys capensis, Sporidesmium aturbinatum and Vamsapriya indica are reported as new country records; and Sporidesmium tropicale, Sporoschisma chiangraiense and Sporoschisma longicatenatum are introduced as three new collections. In addition, a checklist of freshwater fungi from China over the last five years is also provided.

Summary Transposable element (TE) is prevalent in plant genomes. However, studies on their impact on phenotypic evolution in crop plants are relatively rare, because systematically identifying TE insertions within a species has been a challenge. Here, we present a novel approach for uncovering TE insertion polymorphisms (TIPs) using pan‐genome analysis combined with population‐scale resequencing, and we adopt this pipeline to retrieve TIPs in a Brassica rapa germplasm collection. We found that 23% of genes within the reference Chiifu‐401‐42 genome harbored TIPs. TIPs tended to have large transcriptional effects, including modifying gene expression levels and altering gene structure by introducing new introns. Among 524 diverse accessions, TIPs broadly influenced genes related to traits and acted a crucial role in the domestication of B. rapa morphotypes. As examples, four specific TIP‐containing genes were found to be candidates that potentially involved in various climatic conditions, promoting the formation of diverse vegetable crops in B. rapa. Our work reveals the hitherto hidden TIPs implicated in agronomic traits and highlights their widespread utility in studies of crop domestication.

Accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in marine organisms poses an imminent environmental threat and health risk due to the possibility of trophic transfer of accumulated MPs in ecologically important food chains. In this context, a field-level study was conducted on the fishing grounds of the north eastern part of the Arabian Sea through experimental fishing, and the gastrointestinal tracts (GT) of three different species of shrimps ( n =180) were examined for the incidence of microplastics. The results showed that all shrimp caught from the fishing grounds had significant levels of MPs in the gastrointestinal tracts. A total number of 1220 microplastic items were recorded from the pooled samples, with an average of 6.78 ± 2.80 items per individual. The gastrointestinal tract showed an average number of 70.32 ± 34.67 MPs per gram of the gut material. The MPs with the size range of 100–250 μm were the most abundant form found in the shrimp species analyzed. Among the colored MP particles, black color was the most dominant (30.16%) form of MP. Fibers, fragments, pellets, beads, and films were the common morphotypes; however, fibers showed an occurrence of 39.40%, 47.39%, and 41.89% in the GTs of Metapenaeus monoceros , Parapeneopsis stylifera , and Penaeus indicus , respectively. In the present study, six types of plastic polymers were identified from the GTs of the studied samples. The findings confirm the presence of microplastics in the natural habitats of shrimps beyond the coast and indicate that shrimps caught from these coastal fishing grounds contain MPs in their gut. The findings underline the immediate scientific intervention for the microplastic reduction in the marine environment. Graphical abstract

From an evolutionary perspective, recruitment into the breeding population represents one of the most important life‐history stages and ultimately determines the effective population size. In order to contribute to the next generation, offspring must survive to sexual maturity, secure a territory and find a mate. In this study, we explore factors influencing both offspring survival and their subsequent recruitment into the local breeding population in a long‐lived urban raptor, the black sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus). Adult black sparrowhawks show discrete colour polymorphism (dark and light morphs), and in South Africa, morphs are distributed clinally with the highest proportion of dark morphs (c.75%) present in our study population on the Cape Peninsula. Parental morph was associated with both survival and recruitment. For survival, parental morph combination was important – with young produced by pairs of contrasting morphs having higher survival rates than young fledged from like‐pairs. The association between recruitment and morph was more complex; with an interaction between male morph and breeding time, whereby recruitment of offspring from dark morph fathers was more likely when fledging earlier in the season. The opposite relationship was found for light morph fathers, with their offspring more likely to be recruited if fledged later in the season. This interaction may be due to differential morph‐specific hunting success of fathers (males contribute most food provisioning), linked to background matching and crypsis in different weather conditions. Dark morph males may hunt more successfully in rainier and cloudier conditions, which occur more frequently earlier in the breeding season, and light morph males may be more successful later on, when weather conditions become increasingly brighter and drier. Our results reveal a complex situation whereby the family morph combination influences survival, and the father morphs specifically recruitment, revealing morph‐specific benefits dependent on the timing of breeding. These empirical data are among the first to support the idea that differential fitness consequence of morph combination may explain balanced polymorphism in a vertebrate population.