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Development and Application of Attenuated Plant Viruses as Biological Control Agents in Japan
In 1929, it was reported that yellowing symptoms caused by a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) yellow mosaic isolate were suppressed in tobacco plants that were systemically infected with a TMV light green isolate. Similar to vaccination, the phenomenon of cross-protection involves a whole plant being infected with an attenuated virus and involves the same or a closely related virus species. Therefore, attenuated viruses function as biological control agents. In Japan, many studies have been performed on cross-protection. For example, the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)-L11A strain is an attenuated isolate developed by researchers and shows high control efficiency against wild-type ToMV in commercial tomato crops. Recently, an attenuated isolate of zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)-2002 was developed and registered as a biological pesticide to control cucumber mosaic disease. In addition, attenuated isolates of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) have been developed in Japan. These attenuated viruses, sometimes called plant vaccines, can be used not only as single vaccines but also as multiple vaccines. In this review, we provide an overview of studies on attenuated plant viruses developed in Japan. We also discuss the application of the attenuated strains, including the production of vaccinated seedlings.
Journal Article
OCCURRENCES OF WHEAT CURL MITE ACERIA TOSICHELLA KEIFER 1969 (ERIOPHYIDAE) AND THE ASSOCIATED VIRUSES, (WSMV, HPWMoV, TriMV) IN IRAQ
This study was aimed to investigate the significant wheat yield losses in northern and central Iraq. The cause of these losses was examining the presence of wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella and three viruses vectored by this species – Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV), and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV). Mite specimens were collected from Erbil, Mosul, and Baghdad over three years (2020-2022) and identified using morphological characterization and DNA sequencing of the ITS region. Virus presence was determined using Double Antibody Sandwich-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA). Mites were identified conclusively as A. tosichella, providing the first record of this species in Iraq. All three viruses were found to be present, with WSMV having the largest presence as it was detected in 99.56%, then HPWMoV (79.5%) of mite colonies. This is the first record of HPWMoV anywhere in Eurasia besides Ukraine and its widespread presence in Iraq in all three sampled provinces. TriMV was detected only in Erbil. To date this virus has been recorded only in North America and its limited presence in Iraq. The confirmed presence of A. tosichella and three vectored-viruses in Iraq are all new records and critical information for reducing wheat yield losses in this country.
Journal Article
Applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment
This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as indicators of the reduction of human enteric viruses during wastewater treatment. Thirty-nine samples were collected from three steps at a wastewater treatment plant (raw sewage, secondary-treated sewage, and final effluent) monthly for a 13-month period. In addition to the three indicator viruses, eight human enteric viruses [human adenoviruses, JC and BK polyomaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses, and noroviruses of genogroups I, II, and IV] were tested by quantitative PCR. Indicator viruses were consistently detected in the tested samples, except for a few final effluents for crAssphage and TMV. The mean concentrations of crAssphage were significantly higher than those of most tested viruses. The concentrations of crAssphage in raw sewage were positively correlated with the concentrations of all tested human enteric viruses (
p
<0.05), suggesting the applicability of crAssphage as a suitable indicator to estimate the concentrations of human enteric viruses in raw sewage. The reduction ratios of AiV-1 (1.8 ± 0.7 log
10
) were the lowest among the tested viruses, followed by TMV (2.0 ± 0.3 log
10
) and PMMoV (2.0 ± 0.4 log
10
). Our findings suggested that the use of not only AiV-1 and PMMoV but also TMV as indicators of reductions in viral levels can be applicable during wastewater treatment.
Journal Article
The greatest polar expedition of all time : the Arctic mission to the epicenter of climate change
\"A captain's tell-all about the world's largest Arctic expedition--an illuminating account of seafaring adventure, Arctic natural history, and cutting-edge climate science. The book about the Mosaic Expedition: as seen in the documentary film Arctic Drift, Atmospheric scientist Markus Rex recounts the monumental Arctic expedition he captained for one year in this gripping and authoritative book. A groundbreaking step towards understanding the climate crisis, the MOSAiC expedition--launched in 2019 by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research--was the first of its kind, journeying deep into the epicentre of climate change, the Arctic, to seek hard-to-find and potentially world-changing scientific data. Rex begins with life aboard the Polarstern, a powerful icebreaker ship that is frozen into fragile ice and carried across the Arctic by the Transpolar Drift. Away from the rest of the world, the team prepares for life under brutal conditions, constructing \"cities\" and \"towns\" on the ice where they will study the Arctic ecosystem, its atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and more. A terrifying feat that had never been attempted before, the team of hundreds of scientists perform their research during terrifying storms, cracking ice floes, frost-bite, and even quarantines as Covid-19 sweeps the globe. But there are heartwarming moments, too, as Markus Rex describes Christmas parties on the ice and polar bears playing with scientific equipment like puppies. He muses on expeditions past, such as the ill-fated Franklin Expedition, and Fridtjof Nansen's Fram expedition, which he follows as a guide. And he explores answers to the pressing questions facing the Arctic today: How will climate change impact this precious ecosystem--and therefore the rest of the world? What is the best way to protect the Arctic? Interweaving history, science, and memoir, The Greatest Polar Expedition of All Time is a page-turner about the teamwork it takes to complete a risky goal, all in the name of understanding--and responding to--the climate crisis.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sugarcane Mosaic Disease: Characteristics, Identification and Control
Mosaic is one of the most important sugarcane diseases, caused by single or compound infection of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), and/or Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV). The compound infection of mosaic has become increasingly serious in the last few years. The disease directly affects the photosynthesis and growth of sugarcane, leading to a significant decrease in cane yield and sucrose content, and thus serious economic losses. This review covers four aspects of sugarcane mosaic disease management: first, the current situation of sugarcane mosaic disease and its epidemic characteristics; second, the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of the three viruses; third, the identification methods of mosaic and its pathogen species; and fourth, the prevention and control measures for sugarcane mosaic disease and potential future research focus. The review is expected to provide scientific literature and guidance for the effective prevention and control of mosaic through resistance breeding in sugarcane.
Journal Article
Mosaics of faith : Floors of Pagans, Jews, Samaritans, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy Land
\"An analytical history of the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, and Early Abbasid mosaics in the Holy Land from the second century B.C.E. to eighth century C.E.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
A Viral Satellite RNA Induces Yellow Symptoms on Tobacco by Targeting a Gene Involved in Chlorophyll Biosynthesis using the RNA Silencing Machinery
Symptoms on virus-infected plants are often very specific to the given virus. The molecular mechanisms involved in viral symptom induction have been extensively studied, but are still poorly understood. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Y satellite RNA (Y-sat) is a non-coding subviral RNA and modifies the typical symptom induced by CMV in specific hosts; Y-sat causes a bright yellow mosaic on its natural host Nicotiana tabacum. The Y-sat-induced yellow mosaic failed to develop in the infected Arabidopsis and tomato plants suggesting a very specific interaction between Y-sat and its host. In this study, we revealed that Y-sat produces specific short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which interfere with a host gene, thus inducing the specific symptom. We found that the mRNA of tobacco magnesium protoporphyrin chelatase subunit I (ChlI, the key gene involved in chlorophyll synthesis) had a 22-nt sequence that was complementary to the Y-sat sequence, including four G-U pairs, and that the Y-sat-derived siRNAs in the virus-infected plant downregulate the mRNA of ChlI by targeting the complementary sequence. ChlI mRNA was also downregulated in the transgenic lines that express Y-sat inverted repeats. Strikingly, modifying the Y-sat sequence in order to restore the 22-nt complementarity to Arabidopsis and tomato ChlI mRNA resulted in yellowing symptoms in Y-sat-infected Arabidopsis and tomato, respectively. In 5'-RACE experiments, the ChlI transcript was cleaved at the expected middle position of the 22-nt complementary sequence. In GFP sensor experiments using agroinfiltration, we further demonstrated that Y-sat specifically targeted the sensor mRNA containing the 22-nt complementary sequence of ChlI. Our findings provide direct evidence that the identified siRNAs derived from viral satellite RNA directly modulate the viral disease symptom by RNA silencing-based regulation of a host gene.
Journal Article