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Space and being in contemporary French cinema
This book brings together for the first time five French directors who have established themselves as among the most exciting and significant working today: Bruno Dumont, Robert Guâediguian, Laurent Cantet, Abdellatif Kechiche, and Claire Denis. Whatever their chosen habitats or shifting terrains, each of these highly distinctive auteurs has developed unique strategies of representation and framing that reflect a profound investment in the geophysical world. The book proposes that we think about cinematographic space in its many different forms simultaneously (screenspace, landscape, narrative space, soundscape, spectatorial space). Through a series of close and original readings of selected films, it posits a new 'space of the cinematic subject'. Accessible and wide-ranging, this volume opens up new areas of critical enquiry in the expanding interdisciplinary field of space studies.
Book
Different EEG brain activity in right and left handers during visually induced self-motion perception
Visually induced self-motion perception (vection) relies on visual–vestibular interaction. Imaging studies using vestibular stimulation have revealed a vestibular thalamo-cortical dominance in the right hemisphere in right handers and the left hemisphere in left handers. We investigated if the behavioural characteristics and neural correlates of vection differ between healthy left and right-handed individuals. 64-channel EEG was recorded while 25 right handers and 25 left handers were exposed to vection-compatible roll motion (coherent motion) and a matched, control condition (incoherent motion). Behavioural characteristics, i.e. vection presence, onset latency, duration and subjective strength, were also recorded. The behavioural characteristics of vection did not differ between left and right handers (all
p
> 0.05). Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis revealed significant decreases in alpha power during vection–compatible roll motion (
p
< 0.05). The topography of this decrease was handedness-dependent, with left handers showing a left lateralized centro-parietal decrease and right handers showing a bilateral midline centro-parietal decrease. Further time–frequency analysis, time locked to vection onset, revealed a comparable decrease in alpha power around vection onset and a relative increase in alpha power during ongoing vection, for left and right handers. No effects were observed in theta and beta bands. Left and right-handed individuals show vection-related alpha power decreases at different topographical regions, possibly related to the influence of handedness-dependent vestibular dominance in the visual–vestibular interaction that facilitates visual self-motion perception. Despite this difference in where vection-related activity is observed, left and right handers demonstrate comparable perception and underlying alpha band changes during vection.
Journal Article
A supramodal accumulation-to-bound signal that determines perceptual decisions in humans
This study uses EEG in humans to isolate and track an evolving, domain-general decision signal, which varies with accumulated evidence, but is independent of overt actions.
In theoretical accounts of perceptual decision-making, a decision variable integrates noisy sensory evidence and determines action through a boundary-crossing criterion. Signals bearing these very properties have been characterized in single neurons in monkeys, but have yet to be directly identified in humans. Using a gradual target detection task, we isolated a freely evolving decision variable signal in human subjects that exhibited every aspect of the dynamics observed in its single-neuron counterparts. This signal could be continuously tracked in parallel with fully dissociable sensory encoding and motor preparation signals, and could be systematically perturbed mid-flight during decision formation. Furthermore, we found that the signal was completely domain general: it exhibited the same decision-predictive dynamics regardless of sensory modality and stimulus features and tracked cumulative evidence even in the absence of overt action. These findings provide a uniquely clear view on the neural determinants of simple perceptual decisions in humans.
Journal Article
Distinct Biological Motion Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
If neurotypical people rely on specialized perceptual mechanisms when perceiving biological motion, then one would not expect an association between task performance and IQ. However, if those with ASD recruit higher order cognitive skills when solving biological motion tasks, performance may be predicted by IQ. In a meta-analysis that included 19 articles, we found an association between biological motion perception and IQ among observers with ASD but no significant relationship among typical observers. If the task required emotion perception, then there was an even stronger association with IQ in the ASD group.
Journal Article
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation improves vestibular perception in bilateral vestibulopathy
Background
Patients with bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) suffer from impaired vestibular motion perception that is linked to deficits in spatial memory and navigation.
Objective
To examine the potential therapeutic effect of imperceptible noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) on impaired vestibular perceptual performance in BVP.
Methods
In 11 patients with BVP (mean age: 54.0 ± 8.3 years, 7 females), we initially determined the nGVS intensity that optimally stabilizes balance during a static posturographic assessment. Subsequently, effects of optimal nGVS vs. sham stimulation on vestibular motion perception were examined in randomized order. Vestibular perceptual performance was determined as direction recognition thresholds for head-centered roll tilt motion on a 6DOF motion platform in the absence of any visual or auditory motion cues.
Results
For each patient, an nGVS intensity that optimally stabilized static balance compared to sham stimulation could be identified (mean 0.36 ± 0.16 mA). nGVS at optimal intensity resulted in lowered vestibular perceptual thresholds (0.94 ± 0.30 deg/s) compared to sham stimulation (1.67 ± 1.11 deg/s;
p
= 0.040). nGVS-induced improvements in vestibular perception were observed in 8 of 11 patients (73%) and were greater in patients with poorer perceptual performance during sham stimulation (
R
= − 0.791;
p
= 0.007).
Conclusions
nGVS is effective in improving impaired vestibular motion perception in patients with BVP, in particular in those patients with poor baseline perceptual performance. Imperceptible vestibular noise stimulation might thus offer a non-invasive approach to target BVP-related impairments in spatial memory, orientation, and navigation.
Journal Article
Binocular contributions to motion detection and motion discrimination during locomotion
During locomotion, the visual system can factor out the motion component caused by observer locomotion from the complex target flow vector to obtain the world-relative target motion. This process, which has been termed flow parsing, is known to be incomplete, but viewing with both eyes could potentially aid in this task. Binocular disparity and binocular summation could both improve performance when viewing with both eyes. To separate the binocular disparity and binocular summation and analyse how they affect flow parsing, we tested detection and discrimination thresholds under three viewing conditions: stereoscopic, synoptic (binocular but without disparity) and monocular. Experiment 1 tested motion detection during simulated forward self-motion and when stationary. Experiment 2 and 3 tested motion discrimination in forward and backward self-motion and stationary conditions. We found that binocular disparity significantly improved detection thresholds and discrimination biases, at the cost of lower precision. Binocular summation only significantly improved detection thresholds when stationary. It did not significantly affect detection thresholds during locomotion, discrimination biases, or discrimination precisions. Our results indicated that both binocular summation and binocular disparity contribute to motion detection and motion discrimination, but they affect performance differently while stationary and during locomotion.
Journal Article