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NASCAR, Sturgis, and the New Economy of Spectacle maps the structure of economies of spectacle in stock car racing and large displacement motorcycle rallying. The book traces the historical development of economic spectacles and models the structural components and moving parts that sustain them. Economies of spectatorship emerge when activities and legends in the cultural commons are privatized or enclosed as immaterial property. Once privatized, a spectacular diegesis supports a triple-circuit of profit: spectatorship markets (payments to see), sponsorship markets (payments to be seen) and trophy markets (payments to be seen enjoying). Vivid illustrations of legendary action in NASCAR and carnivalesque displays at Sturgis reveal how spectator events function as intensive sites of profit-making in contemporary capitalism.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modulate neural tissue. Neuromodulation apparently improves cognitive functions in several neurologic diseases treatment and sports performance. In this study, we present a comprehensive, integrative review of tDCS for motor rehabilitation and motor learning in healthy individuals, athletes and multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric conditions. We also report on neuromodulation mechanisms, main applications, current knowledge including areas such as language, embodied cognition, functional and social aspects, and future directions. We present the use and perspectives of new developments in tDCS technology, namely high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) which promises to overcome one of the main tDCS limitation (i.e., low focality) and its application for neurological disease, pain relief, and motor learning/rehabilitation. Finally, we provided information regarding the Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS) in clinical applications, Cerebellar tDCS (ctDCS) and its influence on motor learning, and TMS combined with electroencephalography (EEG) as a tool to evaluate tDCS effects on brain function.

This compendium is an update to two best-selling editions published by SAE International in 1995 and 2003. Editor Doug Fehan has assembled a collection of technical papers from the SAE archive that will inspire readers to use race engine development as an important tool in the future of transportation.

Studies on spacing of practice investigate the effects of the execution/rest ratio on the acquisition of motor skills. For research purposes, this spacing of practice is dichotomized as massed or distributed practice. It can be manipulated as the inter-trial interval, corresponding to the period of time between the end of one attempt and the beginning of the next, separating the responses. Most studies investigated the inter-trial interval with simple tasks, but results are not conclusive when testing with complex sports motor skills. Purpose: This study explored the spacing of practice through three inter-trial intervals on learning a complex sports motor skill. Material and Methods: Participants (n=36, aged 13.8 ± 1.0) performed the volleyball overhand serve from one side of the court, aiming to reach a target on the other side. Three experimental groups were carried out: one massed practice (1-second inter-trial interval) and two distributed practices (inter-trial intervals of 15-second and 40-second). All groups performed 12 trials in the pre-test, 200 in the acquisition phase, and 12 in the retention test. Results: The results revealed higher performance accuracy and consistency of the shorter inter-trial interval than longer inter-trial intervals, observed during the acquisition and retention test, indicating better learning for the massed inter-trial interval. Conclusions: The inter-trial interval spacing led to different levels of learning of volleyball overhand serve. The shorter inter-trial interval was demonstrated to be better for parameters learning of sports motor skills, allowing information to be processed more efficiently in working memory, contributing to enhanced learning of sports motor skills. Massed practice, in this context, did not induce fatigue for performance loss. The coaches are advised to optimize training schedules incorporating massed practice for the development of complex sports motor skills.

Climbing is an activity involving many major muscle groups and, therefore, it is suitable for assessing general physical fitness. The Austrian pole climbing test (APCT) was developed as a reliable and valid test for the assessment of general fitness levels in children, adolescents, and young adults. In this cross-sectional pilot study, 677 participants (aged 6 to 19 years) were assessed via the APCT. Subsequently, test quality criteria (reliability and objectivity) were assessed, and the test’s validity was evaluated through comparisons with other established fitness tests (hand grip strength, standing long jump, and pull- and push-ups). Additionally, age- and gender-specific reference values were generated. The reliability (ICC2.1 = 0.97, 95%CI 0.95 to 0.98) and objectivity (ICC2.1 = 0.99, 95%CI 0.99 to 0.99) of the APCT were found to be excellent. The APCT results correlated strongly with the hand strength per kilogram of body weight (right: r = 0.58; left: r = 0.53), number of pull-ups (with upper grip: r = 0.74; with lower grip: r = 0.69) and standing long jump (r = 0.61); a moderate correlation with the push-up test was observed (r = 0.44). The APCT is reliable, objective, and suitable for children, adolescents, and young adults with an affinity for sports. It offers a novel opportunity to assess fitness without time pressure, considering the anthropometric requirements.

Introduction: Decision-making in sports has attracted significant interest from scholars over the years. However, an innovative perspective emerges through Motor Praxeology (PM), a scientific theory grounded in the study of the internal logic of games and sports. By creating its own \"grammar,\" PM introduces the concept of motor decision. Objective: The aim was to identify and present the main aspects addressed in the concept of decision-making in handball and its relations with the concept of motor decision, indicating the relationships of approximation and distancing. Methodology: To achieve this, a search for bibliographic references was conducted to understand the literature's discourse on decision-making. Motor Praxeology established itself as the guiding theory of the discussions, characterizing this study as theo-retical, qualitative, and exploratory research. Results: Through searches in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, six studies were selected to integrate the scope of this study. Discussion: The concepts of decision-making are based on cognitive aspects, environmental information, and the choice of options, encompassing other protagonists of the sport besides players. On the other hand, the concept of motor decision, sup-ported by praxeological knowledge, emerges as an innovative and exclusive concept in the field of bodily manifestations, limited to the performance of players and enabling the understanding of the specific characteristics of the game. Conclusions: Motor decision, supported by Motor Praxeology, provides a more dynamic and contextualized understanding of decision-making in handball, emphasizing the interaction players establish with the four pillars of the internal logic. Introdução: A tomada de decisão nos esportes tem atraído grande interesse dos estudiosos ao longo dos anos. No entanto, uma perspectiva inovadora surge através da Praxiologia Motriz (PM), teoria científica fundamentada no estudo da lógica interna dos jogos e esportes. A partir da criação de uma “gramática” própria, a PM apresenta o conceito de decisão motriz. Objetivo: Buscou-se identificar e apresentar os principais aspectos abordados no conceito de tomada de decisão no handebol e suas relações com o conceito de decisão motriz, indicando as relações de aproximação e de distanciamento. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma busca por referenciais bibliográficos visando compreender o que diz a literatura que trata de tomada de decisão. A Praxiologia Motriz se estabeleceu como teoria balizadora das discussões, caracterizando este estudo como uma pesquisa teórica, qualitativa e exploratória. Resultados: A partir da busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, foram selecionados seis estudos para inte-grar o escopo deste estudo. Discussão: Os conceitos de tomada de decisão são baseados em aspectos cognitivos, informações ambientais e na escolha de opções, contemplando outros protagonistas do esporte além de jogadores. Por outro lado, o conceito de decisão motriz, respal-dado pelo conhecimento praxiológico, apresenta-se como um conceito inovador e exclusivo da área das manifestações corporais, delimitando-se à atuação de jogadores e possibilitando o entendimento das características específicas do jogo. Conclusão: A decisão motriz, ancorada na Praxiologia Motriz, oferece uma compreensão mais dinâmica e contextualizada da tomada de decisão no handebol, valorizando a interação que os jogadores estabelecem com os quatro pilares da lógica interna. Introducción: La toma de decisiones en el deporte ha suscitado gran interés académico a lo largo de los años. Sin embargo, ha surgido una perspectiva innovadora a través de la Praxeología Motriz (PM), una teoría científica basada en el estudio de la lógica interna de los juegos y deportes. Basándose en la creación de su propia gramática, la PM presenta el concepto de toma de decisiones motriz.Objetivo: El objetivo fue identificar y presentar los principales aspectos abordados en el concepto de toma de decisiones en balonmano y sus relaciones con el concepto de toma de decisiones motriz, indicando las relaciones de aproximación y distanciamiento.Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda de referencias bibliográficas para comprender la literatura sobre toma de decisiones. La Praxeología Motriz se estableció como la teoría rectora de las discusiones, caracterizando este estudio como una investigación teórica, cualitativa y exploratoria.Resultados: Con base en la búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, se seleccionaron seis estudios para integrar el alcance de este estudio. Discusión: Los conceptos de toma de decisiones se basan en aspectos cognitivos, información del entorno y la elección de opciones, considerando a otros protagonistas del deporte además de los jugadores. Por otro lado, el concepto de decisión motriz, sustentado en el conocimiento praxeológico, se presenta como un concepto innovador y exclusivo en el ámbito de las manifestaciones corporales, limitado a las acciones de los jugadores y que permite comprender las características específicas del juego.Conclusión: La decisión motriz, basada en la praxeología motriz, ofrece una comprensión más dinámica y contextualizada de la toma de decisiones en balonmano, valorando la interacción que los jugadores establecen con los cuatro pilares de la lógica interna.

In line with the international sports boycott of apartheid, by the mid 1970s Botswana was not allowing black South African football teams to compete in Botswana, despite their immense popularity and influence in the country. Ironically, in 1975, the government agreed to host an exclusively white motor sport dominated by South Africans. This article argues that the government of Botswana succumbed to claims by the South African organisers of the race, that Botswana would benefit from international publicity and a tourism boost. Reported 'tremendous interest from State House in the race' further suggests that the first family may have prevailed on the government through President Sir Seretse Khama to host the race in Botswana. The government rode roughshod over resistance from tribal communities, local district leadership and some British expatriates worried about the negative social and environmental effects of the race. The government also disregarded the Tswana tradition of consultation with the people through a kgotla forum. The staging of the race ended abruptly in 1981.

Sport event promoters aim to organize them to get the best return on their investment. The purpose of this study is to learn better how to manage the event to maximize the benefit to the host area. Most studies on economic impact of sporting events focus on mega events or look for an impact in medium to large size cities. This study estimates the effect of a two-day event, the Rally Ourense, that takes place in a small town in Spain. Economic impact is estimated based on surveys of spectators and interviews of competitors in the 2009, 2010, and 2011 editions of the rally. The results show that the race has favorable effects, but also suggest that the impact could be increased with some simple changes to the event structure Los promotores de eventos deportivos, al organizarlos, se planteancomo objetivo obtener unbuen retorno de su inversión. El propósito de este estudio es conocer mejor cómo gestionar un evento para maximizar el beneficio para la zona que lo acoge. La mayoría de los estudios sobre impacto económico de eventos deportivos se centra en mega-eventos o buscan el impacto en grandes ciudades. Este artículo estima el efecto de un evento de dos días, el Rally de Ourense, que tiene lugar en una pequeña ciudad en España. El impacto económico se estima a partir de encuestas a los espectadores y entrevistas de los competidores en las ediciones del rally 2009, 2010 y 2011. Los resultados muestran que el evento tiene efectos favorables, pero también sugieren que el impacto podría aumentar con algunos cambios sencillos en la estructura del evento.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the leisure information behaviour of motor sport enthusiasts, examining: their information needs; their information seeking and sharing; what personal information they had; and their satisfaction with their information seeking and personal information management efforts. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory study examined participants’ information behaviour from a postpositivist and inductive research approach. An online survey was completed by 81 motor sport enthusiasts. The quantitative survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics, whilst the qualitative data were analysed using thematic coding. Findings The research findings highlighted that enthusiasts engaged in mixed serious leisure. They required information before, during and after race events, and sought this primarily from online sources, as well as from other individuals. Totally, 90 participants shared information about their interest in motor sport with family, friends and fellow enthusiasts, primarily via e-mails (69 per cent) and Facebook (49 per cent). They also gathered information about motor sport, including photographs and memorabilia. Participants were satisfied with their information management strategies for their personal collections. Research limitations/implications Participants were limited to motor sport enthusiasts in Australia, hence findings cannot be generalised more broadly. Practical implications Understandings of enthusiasts’ information behaviour provide information management professionals with insights to work with this user community. Originality/value This study fills a gap in the literature about leisure information behaviour of motor sport enthusiasts in Australia. It identifies and provides a typology of the 12 categories of information needed by enthusiasts. Provides a preliminary motor sport information behaviour model guided by the conceptual frameworks of the everyday life information seeking model; general models on information behaviour; and the information problem solving behaviour model.

The Formula 1 Grand Prix was held in Singapore for the first time in September 2008. While Singapore had previous experience hosting international events, nothing in the past could be compared to this inaugural event because it brought with it a unique set of impacts, as evidenced by past research into car races held elsewhere. For this reason, this study explores how this major motor sport event impacted its host residents through their perceptions of social-cultural aspects. This is important because it can affect the well-being and quality of the life of local residents, two necessary antecedents for their continued support of the car race in the future. A survey of 96 residents was conducted to elicit responses to host residents' perceptions of social-cultural impacts of the F1. Chi-square analysis was used to explore relationships between different types of respondents and their perceived social-cultural impacts. Residents were largely homogenous with regard to attitudes toward the positive and negative impacts, although there were more discrepancies associated with the negative issues. Results were compared to previous studies of car race events and social exchange and social representation theories were used to help contextualize the data. While residents largely supported the F1 event suggestions were provided so as to better manage the social-cultural impacts.