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"movement behavior"
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Movement Behaviors in Youth on the Autism Spectrum: The HUNT Study, Norway
Research consistently show that autistic youth are less physically active compared to their neurotypical peers. However, there is limited understanding of how gender influences physical activity (PA) patterns among neurodiverse youth compared to the general population. This study aims to examine 24-hour movement behaviors - PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep duration - among autistic youth ( n = 71) in Norway, in comparison to peers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ( n = 411) and the general youth population ( n = 3805). The data is from the Young-HUNT4 study, linked with diagnostic information from the Norwegian Patient Registry. Variables explored are objective accelerometer-measured PA, SB, and sleep duration, self-reported participation in organized and unorganized physical activities, and screen activities. Results confirms that autistic youth engage in lower levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA, while demonstrating similar levels of light PA. They also spend more time sitting and comparable time sleeping. Autistic youth participate less in sport and were less likely to use commercial gyms. However, their participation in outdoor activities were similar to their peers. Regarding screen activities, autistic youth spent more time playing video games, while youth with ADHD were more engaged in social media. Among autistic youth, the only gender difference found was in video games. In conclusion, autistic youth are less physically active overall and spend significant time in SB. However, their comparable participation in light PA suggests opportunities for promoting further participation. Additionally, exergaming could offer a promising avenue to increase PA in this population.
Journal Article
Researching and representing mobilities : transdisciplinary encounters
\"In an arguably increasingly mobile world, mobilities are represented in society in many ways. There is a growing awareness that these representations not only help us understand the complexities of social relations in space but also produce society and space. There is also an increased interest in the adoption of research methodologies that are distinctly mobile. Simultaneously, the contested nature of representation is reflected in current discussions around the capacity for the practices of the mobile and sensuous body to be represented, as some movements are considered non-representable.This book engages with these debates, and, by exploring representations of mobilities in government policy, literature, visual arts, music, and in research, it examines the methodological potential of representations and the ways in which they co-produce mobilities\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Working at the office or from home during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study of temporal patterns of sitting and non-sitting among normal-weight and overweight Brazilian office workers
Background
This study documents and compares temporal patterns of physical behaviours, assessed using accelerometry, on working and non-working days among normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m
2
) and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m
2
) office workers who were either working exclusively at the office (WAO) or exclusively from home (WFH) during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, behaviours were measured over 7 days using a thigh-worn accelerometer in 43 workers WAO (21 normal-weight and 22 overweight) and 73 workers WFH (33 normal-weight and 40 overweight). 24-h behaviours were completely described in terms of sitting in short (≤ 5 min), moderate (> 5 and ≤ 30 min) and long bouts (> 30 min), non-sitting in short (≤ 5 min) and long bouts (> 5 min), and time-in-bed. These behaviour compositions were transformed into five isometric log-ratios (ilr) coordinates according to compositional data analysis procedures. Differences between workplace (WAO vs. WFH) and BMI groups (normal-weight vs. overweight) were tested using ANCOVA with adjustment for age and gender.
Results
Compared to workers WAO, workers WFH spent more time-in-bed relative to time awake during working days, more time sitting relative to non-sitting, less time in short bouts of sitting relative to moderate and long bouts, less time in moderate bouts of sitting relative to long bouts, and more time non-sitting in short bouts relative to long bouts. Effect sizes [
η
p
2
] were between 0.05 and 0.21 and
p
-values between < 0.001 and 0.04. Irrespective of workplace, overweight workers spent less time sitting in short relative to moderate and long bouts (
η
p
2
= 0.06,
p
= 0.01) than normal-weight workers, while differences in the other ilr coordinates were insignificant. During non-working days, behaviours did not differ significantly by workplace, while overweight workers spent more time sitting relative to non-sitting (
η
p
2
= 0.10,
p
< 0.001), less time sitting in short relative to moderate and long bouts (
η
p
2
= 0.13,
p
< 0.001), and less time sitting in moderate relative to long bouts (
η
p
2
= 0.04,
p
= 0.03) than normal-weight workers. We found no interactions between workplace and BMI.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that WFH and being overweight predispose to more time sitting and less temporal variation in behaviours, thus reinforcing that these workers could likely benefit from interventions to reduce prolonged sitting time and increase variation.
Journal Article
Management Recommendations on Sleep Disturbance of Patients with Parkinson's Disease
If the insomnia is related to nocturnal motor symptoms, dopaminergic therapy (dopamine agonists [e.g., rotigotine transdermal patch], long-acting LDs [Sinemet], and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors) should be optimized initially (expert opinion)Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the preferred option in PD patients with insomnia regardless of etiology (Level A recommendation by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine)Dopamine agonists (e.g., rotigotine, pramipexole, and ropinirole), eszopiclone, and melatonin followed by rasagiline and doxepin may be considered for the management of insomnia in patients with PD (evidence based)The pharmacological treatment of the insomnia in PD patients includes the treatment of insomnia itself and secondary insomnia in the context of PD progression. [...]it can be considered in mild cases. [96] Recommendations The treatment goal of PD patients with SDB is to decrease the incidence and alleviate symptoms of SDB, thus decreasing EDS, as well as improve the cognitive dysfunction and emotional disorders induced by SDB (expert opinion)The general treatment of PD patients with SDB includes losing weight, control of diet and weight, appropriate exercise, cessation or reduced alcohol and smoking, careful use of sedative-hypnotic drugs and the other drugs inducing or aggravating SDB (e.g., clonazepam), sleeping on one side, raising the bed head, and avoiding overwork at daytime (expert opinion)CPAP is the first treatment option of PD patients with SDB (expert opinion). [...]the recommendations of this consensus are both based on the current available evidence and expert opinions. Since the evidence of drugs in the treatment of PD patients with sleep disturbance is limited, more and more large-sample randomized trials with high quality, as well as real-world studies on the diagnosis, evaluation, new technologies, and new treatment options are warranted to be conducted in these groups of patients, thus helping the decision-making of neurologists in the future.
Journal Article
A multi-metric movement model for identifying elk parturition events
For wildlife managers, identifying the time and location of ungulate parturition events is necessary to protect parturition habitat and inform population models. Current methods for identifying parturition events include neonatal capture and monitoring and visual analysis of location data, which are resource intensive and subject to biases. Recently, movement-based analyses using the spatial and temporal patterns contained in location data have shown promise for identifying parturition behavior; however, questions regarding efficacy and best practice have limited the adoption of such movement-based parturition models into management programs. We used location data collected between 2017−2018 from a California population of female Roosevelt elk with known parturition status to build a set of movement-based models. We compared each model’s ability to accurately classify individual’s parturition status and identify the timing of parturition. The top model showed that within 72 hours of a parturition event, elk made smaller movements, had smaller home ranges, and had longer visits to individual locations. Of the 16 individuals in our study with known parturition status, our approach to classifying an individual’s status was 81% accurate in cross-validation, which increased to 100% accuracy when the complete dataset was used to train the top model. We then used the top, global and single-metric models to establish probability thresholds and identify parturition events for collared-elk with unknown parturition status. Our results align with a growing number of studies that have shown movement-based parturition models are a reliable method that could augment or replace field-based techniques for identifying parturition events and quantifying parturition rates in ungulate populations.
Journal Article
Best practices for cleaning eye movement data in reading research
One challenge that comes with studying eye movement behavior is deciding how to clean the eye movement data (e.g., fixation durations) before conducting analyses. Reading researchers must decide which data cleaning methods they will use and which thresholds they will set to remove eye movements that are not reflective of lexical processing. The purpose of this project was to determine what data cleaning methods are typically used and if there are any consequences of using different data cleaning methods. In the first study, an analysis of 192 recently published articles indicated that there is inconsistency in the reporting and application of data cleaning methods. In the second study, three different data cleaning methods were applied based on the literature analysis in the first study. Analyses were conducted to determine the impact of different data cleaning methods on three commonly studied effects in reading research (frequency, predictability, and length). Overall, standardized estimates decreased for each effect when more data were removed; however, removing more data also resulted in decreased variance. As a result, effects remained significant with each data cleaning method, and simulated power remained high for both a moderate and small sample size. Effect sizes remained consistent for most effects but decreased for the length effect as more data were removed. Seven suggestions are provided that are based on open science practices with the intention of helping researchers, reviewers, and the field as a whole.
Journal Article
The importance of sample size in marine megafauna tagging studies
Telemetry is a key, widely used tool to understand marine megafauna distribution, habitat use, behavior, and physiology; however, a critical question remains: “How many animals should be tracked to acquire meaningful data sets?” This question has wide-ranging implications including considerations of statistical power, animal ethics, logistics, and cost. While power analyses can inform sample sizes needed for statistical significance, they require some initial data inputs that are often unavailable. To inform the planning of telemetry and biologging studies of marine megafauna where few or no data are available or where resources are limited, we reviewed the types of information that have been obtained in previously published studies using different sample sizes. We considered sample sizes from one to >100 individuals and synthesized empirical findings, detailing the information that can be gathered with increasing sample sizes. We complement this review with simulations, using real data, to show the impact of sample size when trying to address various research questions in movement ecology of marine megafauna. We also highlight the value of collaborative, synthetic studies to enhance sample sizes and broaden the range, scale, and scope of questions that can be answered.
Journal Article
Effect of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Cognition of Parkinson's Disease Patients
Background: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are the most common sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to identify whether RBD could alleviate OSA severity in PD patients and its effect on cognitive impairment.
Methods: From February 2014 to May 2017, we recruited 174 PD patients from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, all of whom underwent polysomnography (PSG). We collected clinical data, PSG results, and compared information between patients with and without RBD or OSA by analysis of covariance. We also investigated the effect of these sleep disorders on cognitive impairment using linear regression.
Results: We grouped participants as follows: PD only (n = 53), PD + OSA (n = 29), PD + RBD (n = 61), and PD + RBD + OSA (n = 31). Minimum oxygen saturation (SaO2) during whole sleep and in REM sleep was higher in PD + RBD + OSA patients than that in PD + OSA patients. PD + RBD patients had worse Mini-Mental Status Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores than those in the PD group (P < 0.001), especially in visuospatial/executive, attention, and memory functions. The PD + OSA group performed worse than the PD group in the delayed recall domain. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education, disease severity, and other sleep disorders, MoCA was negatively associated with OSA (β = −0.736, P = 0.043) and RBD (β = −2.575,P < 0.001). The severity of RBD (tonic/phasic electromyography activity) and OSA (apnea-hypopnea index/oxygen desaturation index/minimum SaO2) were also associated with MoCA. The adjusted β values of RBD-related parameters were higher than that for OSA.
Conclusions: We found that RBD alleviated OSA severity; however, RBD and OSA together exacerbated PD cognitive impairment. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether OSA treatment can improve cognition in PD.
Journal Article
Sociodemographic Predictors of Changes in Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep among Toddlers and Preschoolers in Chile during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The aim was to examine the sociodemographic predictors associated with changes in movement behaviors (physical activity, screen time, and sleep) among toddlers and preschoolers during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Chile. Caregivers of 1- to 5-year-old children completed an online survey between 30 March and 27 April 2020. Information about the child’s movement behaviors before (retrospectively) and during the pandemic, as well as family characteristics were reported. In total, 3157 participants provided complete data (mean children age: 3.1 ± 1.38 years). During early stages of the pandemic, time spent in physical activity decreased, recreational screen time and sleep duration increased, and sleep quality declined. Toddlers and preschoolers with space to play at home and living in rural areas experienced an attenuated impact of the pandemic restrictions on their physical activity levels, screen time, and sleep quality. Older children, those whose caregivers were aged ≥35–<45 years and had a higher educational level, and those living in apartments had greater changes, mainly a decrease in total physical activity and increase in screen time. This study has shown the significant impact of the pandemic restrictions on movement behaviors in toddlers and preschoolers in Chile.
Journal Article