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Reseña de: Penttinen, E. y Kynsilehto, A. (2017). Gender and Mobility: A Critical Introduction. Rowman & Littlefield. 218 pp.

Urban mobility in Latin America is a relevant area of research because of the negative effects of vehicular pollution on human health and the environment. In recent years, mobility patterns have shifted globally as a result of technological advancements and growing environmental awareness. Accordingly, this study aims to identify emerging trends in sustainable urban mobility in the region through bibliometric analysis, text mining, and content analysis. The findings indicate that early studies primarily focused on transport development, congestion, and pollution. However, more recent research has incorporated sustainable approaches, emphasizing public transportation, the use of electric vehicles, and their connection to social inclusion, particularly among low-income workers. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a notable impact by promoting the creation of bicycle lanes and the expansion of sidewalks to facilitate social distancing, thereby reshaping urban dynamics in several Latin American cities. La movilidad urbana en América Latina es un campo de investigación relevante debido a los efectos negativos de la contaminación vehicular sobre la salud y el medio ambiente. En los últimos años, los patrones de movilidad han cambiado globalmente por avances tecnológicos y una mayor conciencia ambiental. Por ello, esta investigación busca identificar tendencias emergentes en movilidad urbana sostenible en la región, utilizando análisis bibliométrico, minería de texto y análisis de contenido. Los hallazgos muestran que los estudios iniciales se enfocaban en el desarrollo del transporte, la congestión y la contaminación. No obstante, investigaciones recientes incorporan enfoques sostenibles, destacando el transporte público, el uso de vehículos eléctricos y su relación con la inclusión social, especialmente entre trabajadores de bajos ingresos. Además, la pandemia de COVID-19 influyó notablemente, promoviendo la creación de carriles para bicicletas y la ampliación de aceras para facilitar el distanciamiento social, transformando así la dinámica urbana en varias ciudades latinoamericanas.

This article draws on recent studies to argue that researchers need to be attentive to the limits of the neighborhood effect as conventionally understood. It highlights the complexities of contextual influences and the challenges in accurately representing and measuring individual exposures to those influences. Specifically, it discusses the idiosyncratic and multidimensional nature of contextual effects, the temporal complexities of contextual influences, the frame dependence of exposure measures, selective mobility bias, and publication bias in neighborhood effects research. It also discusses how contextual uncertainties could be mitigated in future research (e.g., through collecting and using high-resolution space-time data and moving toward frame-independent exposure measures with results that are not affected by how data are organized with respect to space and time).

Reseña de: Lambert, D. y Merriman, P. (Eds.) (2020). Empire and Mobility in the Long Nineteenth Century. Manchester University Press, 231 pp.

Many fundamental notions in geographic and social science research still tend to be conceptualized largely in static spatial terms, ignoring how our understanding of the issues we study can be greatly enriched through the lenses of time and human mobility. This article revisits three such notions: racial segregation, environmental exposure, and accessibility. It argues for the need to expand our analytical focus from static residential spaces to other relevant places and times in people's everyday lives. Mobility is an essential element of people's spatiotemporal experiences, and these complex experiences cannot be fully understood by just looking at where people live. As many social scientists are interested in studying segregation, environmental exposure, and accessibility, geographers can contribute to advancing temporally integrated analysis of these issues through careful examination of people's everyday experiences as their lives unfold in space and time. Interdisciplinary research along this line could have a broad impact on many disciplines beyond geography.

La movilidad urbana en América Latina es un campo de investigación relevante debido a los efectos negativos de la contaminación vehicular sobre la salud y el medio ambiente. En los últimos años, los patrones de movilidad han cambiado globalmente por avances tecnológicos y una mayor conciencia ambiental. Por ello, esta investigación busca identificar tendencias emergentes en movilidad urbana sostenible en la región, utilizando análisis bibliométrico, minería de texto y análisis de contenido. Los hallazgos muestran que los estudios iniciales se enfocaban en el desarrollo del transporte, la congestión y la contaminación. No obstante, investigaciones recientes incorporan enfoques sostenibles, destacando el transporte público, el uso de vehículos eléctricos y su relación con la inclusión social, especialmente entre trabajadores de bajos ingresos. Además, la pandemia de COVID-19 influyó notablemente, promoviendo la creación de carriles para bicicletas y la ampliación de aceras para facilitar el distanciamiento social, transformando así la dinámica urbana en varias ciudades latinoamericanas. Urban mobility in Latin America is a relevant area of research because of the negative effects of vehicular pollution on human health and the environment. In recent years, mobility patterns have shifted globally as a result of technological advancements and growing environmental awareness. Accordingly, this study aims to identify emerging trends in sustainable urban mobility in the region through bibliometric analysis, text mining, and content analysis. The findings indicate that early studies primarily focused on transport development, congestion, and pollution. However, more recent research has incorporated sustainable approaches, emphasizing public transportation, the use of electric vehicles, and their connection to social inclusion, particularly among low-income workers. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic had a notable impact by promoting the creation of bicycle lanes and the expansion of sidewalks to facilitate social distancing, thereby reshaping urban dynamics in several Latin American cities.

Drawing on examples from human mobility research, I argue in this article that the advent of big data has significantly increased the role of algorithms in mediating the geographic knowledge production process. This increased centrality of algorithmic mediation introduces much more uncertainty to the geographic knowledge generated when compared to traditional modes of geographic inquiry. This article reflects on important changes in the geographic knowledge production process associated with the shift from using traditional \"small data\" to using big data and explores how computerized algorithms could considerably influence research results. I call into question the much touted notion of data-driven geography, which ignores the potentially significant influence of algorithms on research results, and the fact that knowledge about the world generated with big data might be more an artifact of the algorithms used than the data itself. As the production of geographic knowledge is now far more dependent on computerized algorithms than before, this article asserts that it is more appropriate to refer to this new kind of geographic inquiry as algorithm-driven geographies (or algorithmic geographies) rather than data-driven geography. The notion of algorithmic geographies also foregrounds the need to pay attention to the effects of algorithms on the content, reliability, and social implications of the geographic knowledge these algorithms help generate. The article highlights the need for geographers to remain attentive to the omissions, exclusions, and marginalizing power of big data. It stresses the importance of practicing critical reflexivity with respect to both the knowledge production process and the data and algorithms used in the process.

This article explores the elemental encounters and imaginative geographies of empire to develop a new means of engaging with the historical geographies of the future. Futures have recently become an important topic of historical and cultural inquiry, and historical geographers have an important role to play in understanding the place of the future in the past and in interrogating the role of posited futures in shaping action in historical presents. Drawing on literature from science and technology studies, a framework is developed for engaging with the material and imaginative geographies that coalesce around practices of imagination, expectation, and prediction. This framework is then used to reconstruct efforts to develop airship travel in the British Empire in the 1920s and 1930s. At a moment of imperial anxiety, airships were hoped to tie the empire together by conveying bodies, capital, and military capacity between its furthest points. Confident projections of the colonization of global airspace were nonetheless undermined by material encounters with a vibrant, often unpredictable atmospheric environment. The article aims to spur renewed work on the historical geographies of the future, while also contributing to debates on the cultural and political geographies of the atmosphere and of atmospheric knowledge making. Key Words: atmosphere, empire, future, mobility, technology.

Este número 54 de la revista Relaciones Internacionales parte de la necesidad de reconocer que el movimiento, atado inexorablemente a la estasis, es una fuerza constitutiva de la política y, por tanto, de las relaciones de poder que conforman nuestras vidas. Como editoras de este número buscamos abrir una reflexión crítica sobre el movimiento que vaya más allá de los viajes de mercancías, personas y culturas o, dicho de otro modo, que no reduzca el movimiento al mero resultado de determinadas políticas gubernamentales, lógicas capitalistas o dinámicas sociales de la globalización. Nuestro punto de partida es que el movimiento es producto de, pero también productor de formas de organizar y gobernar la vida humana y no-humana.

The vehicular congestion and the constant increase in the number of vehicles in urban areas represent significant issues due to the negative externalities associated with these phenomena. In this context, Bicycle-sharing systems have emerged as alternatives to mitigate the inconveniences linked to private vehicle use. Therefore, it is imperative to explore new options within shared bicycle systems, such as including e-bikes. The city of Cuenca is located in the Andes Mountain range 2550 meters above sea level, with an approximate population of 650,000 inhabitants, and is considered an intermediate city. Despite having a public bicycle system, it has not achieved the expected acceptance, according to reports from the City's Public Mobility Company. Consequently, in this study, we propose a comparative analysis of perceptions and operational parameters, such as speed and acceleration, between mechanical and e-bikes within the public bicycle system of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. The results revealed that participants perceive more positive aspects when using e-bikes compared to conventional mechanical bicycles. Elements such as the enjoyment of the journey and the widespread recommendation of these stand out, findings that are supported by the data obtained from the analyzed operational parameters.