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The exponential advancements in recent technologies for surveillance become an important part of life. Though the internet of things (IoT) has gained more attention to develop smart infrastructure, it also provides a large attack surface for intruders. Therefore, it requires identifying the attacks as soon as possible to provide a secure environment. In this work, the network intrusion detection system, by applying the ensemble model (NIDSE) for Smart Homes is designed to identify the attacks in the smart home devices. The problem of classifying attacks is considered a classification predictive modeling using eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoosting). It is an ensemble approach where the models are added sequentially to correct the errors until no further improvements or high performance can be made. The performance of the NIDSE is tested on the IoT network intrusion (IoT-NI) dataset. It has various types of network attacks, including host discovery, synchronized sequence number (SYN), acknowledgment (ACK), and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) flooding. Results from the cross-validation approach show that the XGBoosting classifier classifies the nine attacks with micro average precision of 94% and macro average precision of 85%.

Change Detection (CD) provides a research basis for environmental monitoring, urban expansion and reconstruction as well as disaster assessment, by identifying the changes of ground objects in different time periods. Traditional CD focused on the Binary Change Detection (BCD), focusing solely on the change and no-change regions. Due to the dynamic progress of earth observation satellite techniques, the spatial resolution of remote sensing images continues to increase, Multi-class Change Detection (MCD) which can reflect more detailed land change has become a hot research direction in the field of CD. Although many scholars have reviewed change detection at present, most of the work still focuses on BCD. This paper focuses on the recent progress in MCD, which includes five major aspects: challenges, datasets, methods, applications and future research direction. Specifically, the background of MCD is first introduced. Then, the major difficulties and challenges in MCD are discussed and delineated. The benchmark datasets for MCD are described, and the available open datasets are listed. Moreover, MCD is further divided into three categories and the specific techniques are described, respectively. Subsequently, the common applications of MCD are described. Finally, the relevant literature in the main journals of remote sensing in the past five years are analyzed and the development and future research direction of MCD are discussed. This review will help researchers understand this field and provide a reference for the subsequent development of MCD. Our collections of MCD benchmark datasets are available at: https://zenodo.org/record/6809804#.YsfvxXZByUk

In recent years, there has been a massive increase in the amount of Internet of Things (IoT) devices as well as the data generated by such devices. The participating devices in IoT networks can be problematic due to their resource-constrained nature, and integrating security on these devices is often overlooked. This has resulted in attackers having an increased incentive to target IoT devices. As the number of attacks possible on a network increases, it becomes more difficult for traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) to cope with these attacks efficiently. In this paper, we highlight several machine learning (ML) methods such as k-nearest neighbour (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), naive Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), and logistic regression (LR) that can be used in IDS. In this work, ML algorithms are compared for both binary and multi-class classification on Bot-IoT dataset. Based on several parameters such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and log loss, we experimentally compared the aforementioned ML algorithms. In the case of HTTP distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, the accuracy of RF is 99%. Furthermore, other simulation results-based precision, recall, F1 score, and log loss metric reveal that RF outperforms on all types of attacks in binary classification. However, in multi-class classification, KNN outperforms other ML algorithms with an accuracy of 99%, which is 4% higher than RF.

Several performance metrics are currently available to evaluate the performance of Machine Learning (ML) models in classification problems. ML models are usually assessed using a single measure because it facilitates the comparison between several models. However, there is no silver bullet since each performance metric emphasizes a different aspect of the classification. Thus, the choice depends on the particular requirements and characteristics of the problem. An additional problem arises in multi-class classification problems, since most of the well-known metrics are only directly applicable to binary classification problems. In this paper, we propose the General Performance Score (GPS), a methodological approach to build performance metrics for binary and multi-class classification problems. The basic idea behind GPS is to combine a set of individual metrics, penalising low values in any of them. Thus, users can combine several performance metrics that are relevant in the particular problem based on their preferences obtaining a conservative combination. Different GPS-based performance metrics are compared with alternatives in classification problems using real and simulated datasets. The metrics built using the proposed method improve the stability and explainability of the usual performance metrics. Finally, the GPS brings benefits in both new research lines and practical usage, where performance metrics tailored for each particular problem are considered.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder accounting for 70%–80% dementia cases worldwide. Although, research on AD has increased in recent years, however, the complexity associated with brain structure and functions makes the early diagnosis of this disease a challenging task. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a neuroimaging technology that has been widely used to study the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In literature, the computer-aided diagnosis of AD is limited to binary classification or diagnosis of AD and MCI stages. However, its applicability to diagnose multiple progressive stages of AD is relatively under-studied. This study explores the effectiveness of rs-fMRI for multi-class classification of AD and its associated stages including CN, SMC, EMCI, MCI, LMCI, and AD. A longitudinal cohort of resting-state fMRI of 138 subjects (25 CN, 25 SMC, 25 EMCI, 25 LMCI, 13 MCI, and 25 AD) from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) is studied. To provide a better insight into deep learning approaches and their applications to AD classification, we investigate ResNet-18 architecture in detail. We consider the training of the network from scratch by using single-channel input as well as performed transfer learning with and without fine-tuning using an extended network architecture. We experimented with residual neural networks to perform AD classification task and compared it with former research in this domain. The performance of the models is evaluated using precision, recall, f1-measure, AUC and ROC curves. We found that our networks were able to significantly classify the subjects. We achieved improved results with our fine-tuned model for all the AD stages with an accuracy of 100%, 96.85%, 97.38%, 97.43%, 97.40% and 98.01% for CN, SMC, EMCI, LMCI, MCI, and AD respectively. However, in terms of overall performance, we achieved state-of-the-art results with an average accuracy of 97.92% and 97.88% for off-the-shelf and fine-tuned models respectively. The Analysis of results indicate that classification and prediction of neurodegenerative brain disorders such as AD using functional magnetic resonance imaging and advanced deep learning methods is promising for clinical decision making and have the potential to assist in early diagnosis of AD and its associated stages.

In this study, we propose a multi-class classification method by learning lung disease images with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). As the image data for learning, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) dataset divided into Normal, Pneumonia, and Pneumothorax and the Cheonan Soonchunhyang University Hospital dataset including Tuberculosis were used. To improve performance, preprocessing was performed with Center Crop while maintaining the aspect ratio of 1:1. As a Noisy Student of EfficientNet B7, fine-tuning learning was performed using the weights learned from ImageNet, and the features of each layer were maximally utilized using the Multi GAP structure. As a result of the experiment, Benchmarks measured with the NIH dataset showed the highest performance among the tested models with an accuracy of 85.32%, and the four-class predictions measured with data from Soonchunhyang University Hospital in Cheonan had an average accuracy of 96.1%, an average sensitivity of 92.2%, an average specificity of 97.4%, and an average inference time of 0.2 s.

The safe operation of nuclear power plants is highly dependent on the ability of quickly and accurately identifying possible anomalies and perturbations in the reactor. Operational defects are primarily diagnosed by detectors that capture changes in the neutron flux, placed at various points inside and outside of the core. Neutron flux signals are subsequently analyzed with signal processing techniques in an effort to be better described (have their higher-order characteristics uncovered, locate transient events, etc). To this end, the application of intelligent techniques may be extremely beneficial, as it may assist and extend the current level of analysis. Besides, the combination of signal processing methodologies and machine learning techniques in the framework of nuclear power plant data is an emerging topic that has yet to show its full potential. In this context, the current contribution attempts at introducing intelligent approaches and more specifically, deep learning techniques, in neutron flux signal analysis for the identification of perturbations and other anomalies in the reactor core that may affect its operational capabilities. The obtained results of an initial stage of analysis on neutron flux signals captured at pressurized water reactors are encouraging, underlying the robustness and the potential of the proposed approach.

To effectively ensure the operational safety of an electric vehicle with in-wheel motor drive, a novel diagnosis method is proposed to monitor each in-wheel motor fault, the creativity of which lies in two aspects. One aspect is that affinity propagation (AP) is introduced into a minimum-distance discriminant projection (MDP) algorithm to propose a new dimension reduction algorithm, which is defined as APMDP. APMDP not only gathers the intra-class and inter-class information of high-dimensional data but also obtains information on the spatial structure. Another aspect is that multi-class support vector data description (SVDD) is improved using the Weibull kernel function, and its classification judgment rule is modified into a minimum distance from the intra-class cluster center. Finally, in-wheel motors with typical bearing faults are customized to collect vibration signals under four operating conditions, respectively, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the APMDP’s performance is better than traditional dimension reduction methods, and the divisibility is improved by at least 8.35% over the LDA, MDP, and LPP. A multi-class SVDD classifier based on the Weibull kernel function has high classification accuracy and strong robustness, and the classification accuracies of the in-wheel motor faults in each condition are over 95%, which is higher than the polynomial and Gaussian kernel function.

Multi-class brain tumor classification is an important area of research in the field of medical imaging because of the different tumor characteristics. One such challenging problem is the multiclass classification of brain tumors using MR images. Since accuracy is critical in classification, computer vision researchers are introducing a number of techniques; However, achieving high accuracy remains challenging when classifying brain images. Early diagnosis of brain tumor types can activate timely treatment, thereby improving the patient’s chances of survival. In recent years, deep learning models have achieved promising results, especially in classifying brain tumors to help neurologists. This work proposes a deep transfer learning model that accelerates brain tumor detection using MR imaging. In this paper, five popular deep learning architectures are utilized to develop a system for diagnosing brain tumors. The architectures used is this paper are Xception, DenseNet201, DenseNet121, ResNet152V2, and InceptionResNetV2. The final layer of these architectures has been modified with our deep dense block and softmax layer as the output layer to improve the classification accuracy. This article presents two main experiments to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model. First, three-class results using images from patients with glioma, meningioma, and pituitary are discussed. Second, the results of four classes are discussed using images of glioma, meningioma, pituitary and healthy patients. The results show that the proposed model based on Xception architecture is the most suitable deep learning model for detecting brain tumors. It achieves a classification accuracy of 99.67% on the 3-class dataset and 95.87% on the 4-class dataset, which is better than the state-of-the-art methods. In conclusion, the proposed model can provide radiologists with an automated medical diagnostic system to make fast and accurate decisions.

This paper proposes a real-time multi-class disturbance detection algorithm based on YOLO for distributed fiber vibration sensing. The algorithm achieves real-time detection of event location and classification on external intrusions sensed by distributed optical fiber sensing system (DOFS) based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR). We conducted data collection under perimeter security scenarios and acquired five types of events with a total of 5787 samples. The data is used as a spatial–temporal sensing image in the training of our proposed YOLO-based model (You Only Look Once-based method). Our scheme uses the Darknet53 network to simplify the traditional two-step object detection into a one-step process, using one network structure for both event localization and classification, thus improving the detection speed to achieve real-time operation. Compared with the traditional Fast-RCNN (Fast Region-CNN) and Faster-RCNN (Faster Region-CNN) algorithms, our scheme can achieve 22.83 frames per second (FPS) while maintaining high accuracy (96.14%), which is 44.90 times faster than Fast-RCNN and 3.79 times faster than Faster-RCNN. It achieves real-time operation for locating and classifying intrusion events with continuously recorded sensing data. Experimental results have demonstrated that this scheme provides a solution to real-time, multi-class external intrusion events detection and classification for the Φ-OTDR-based DOFS in practical applications.