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Academic research production is a complex process shaped by factors operating at individual, institutional, and systemic levels. This study examines the relative influence of nine individual-level variables (academic rank, having completed a postdoc, time dedicated to research, interest in research, national collaborations, international collaborations, institutional funding, national funding, and gender), two institutional-level variables (university type and linguistic status), and one systemic-level variable (province). Using survey data from 2,364 professors across 47 universities in five Canadian provinces, we compared multiple linear regression with multilevel modeling to assess research production. Both approaches explain similar proportions of variance in academics’ publication index ( = .35 for multiple regression; = .33 for the three-level model). Across models, the strongest predictors of research production are the time dedicated to research and whether academics report collaborating nationally or internationally. Recognizing that faculty operate within nested contexts, we highlight the added value of multilevel modeling in disentangling individual and institutional influences, capturing clustering effects, and mitigating aggregation bias. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of research production across individual, institutional, and systemic levels, while underscoring the importance of employing diverse analytical approaches to both measure research output and assess the effects of influencing factors.

本研究以臺灣2021年參與促進國際閱讀素養研究的184所國小四年級5,555名學生資料，採用多層次中介模式分析影響閱讀學習成就的學生因素、學校因素及其中介效果，獲得以下結論：一、掌握校際與校內差異是提升學生閱讀學習成就的關鍵；二、家庭資源、閱讀自信與閱讀投入對閱讀學習成就具正向影響；三、重視學業對閱讀學習成就具正向影響；四、家庭資源與家長閱讀透過閱讀自信對閱讀學習成就產生正向影響，凸顯家庭閱讀環境在增強學生自信心與促進學業表現方面的關鍵作用；五、重視學業透過閱讀自信對閱讀學習成就之正向影響，表示學校應培養學生對學業的正向期許，並採取具體策略增強學生的閱讀自信，以增進閱讀學習成就。基於此，本研究對教育主管機關、學校行政單位、教師、家長及未來研究提出相應建議。 This study utilized data from 5,555 fourth-grade students across 184 elementary schools in Taiwan who participated in the 2021 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS). A multilevel mediation model was employed to analyze the effects of student-level and school-level factors, as well as their mediating effects, on reading achievement. The findings are as follows: (1) Understanding inter-school and intra-school differences is crucial for enhancing students’ reading achievement; (2) Family resources, reading self-efficacy, and reading engagement have significant positive effects on students’ reading achievement; (3) Academic emphasis shows a significant positive association with reading achievement, underscoring the role of school-level academic culture in shaping student outcomes; (4) Family resources and parental reading exert an indirect positive effect on reading achievement through reading self-efficacy, underscoring the critical role of the home reading environment in fostering students’ confidence and academic success; (5) Academic emphasis positively influences reading achievement via enhanced reading self-efficacy, suggesting that schools should cultivate students’ positive academic expectations and implement targeted strategies to strengthen their reading confidence and improve learning outcomes. Based on these findings, the study provides recommendations for education authorities, school administrators, teachers, parents, and future research.

There has been a strong increase in the number of studies based on intensive longitudinal data, such as those obtained with experience sampling and daily diaries. These data contain a wealth of information regarding the dynamics of processes as they unfold within individuals over time. In this article, we discuss how combining intensive longitudinal data with either time-series analysis, which consists of modeling the temporal dependencies in the data for a single individual, or dynamic multilevel modeling, which consists of using a time-series model at Level 1 to describe the within-person process while allowing for individual differences in the parameters of these processes at Level 2, has led to new insights in clinical psychology. In addition, we discuss several methodological and statistical challenges that researchers face when they are interested in studying the dynamics of psychological processes using intensive longitudinal data.

Mediation analysis in repeated measures studies can shed light on the mechanisms through which experimental manipulations change the outcome variable. However, the literature on interval estimation for the indirect effect in the 1-1-1 single mediator model is sparse. Most simulation studies to date evaluating mediation analysis in multilevel data considered scenarios that do not match the expected numbers of level 1 and level 2 units typically encountered in experimental studies, and no study to date has compared resampling and Bayesian methods for constructing intervals for the indirect effect in this context. We conducted a simulation study to compare statistical properties of interval estimates of the indirect effect obtained using four bootstrap and two Bayesian methods in the 1-1-1 mediation model with and without random effects. Bayesian credibility intervals had coverage closest to the nominal value and no instances of excessive Type I error rates, but lower power than resampling methods. Findings indicated that the pattern of performance for resampling methods often depended on the presence of random effects. We provide suggestions for selecting an interval estimator for the indirect effect depending on the most important statistical property for a given study, as well as code in R for implementing all methods evaluated in the simulation study. Findings and code from this project will hopefully support the use of mediation analysis in experimental research with repeated measures.

Gendered trends in housework provide an important insight into changing gender inequality. In particular, they shed light on the debate over the stalling of the 'gender revolution'. Additionally, the gender division of housework is significantly related to couple well-being; disagreements over housework are among the major sources of marital conflict. The objective is to bring the evidence on gendered trends in time spent on core housework up to date, and to investigate cross-national variation in those trends. Using 66 time use surveys from 19 countries, we apply a random-intercept, random-slope model to investigate half a century of change in gender differences in housework (1961-2011). There is a general movement in the direction of greater gender equality, but with significant country differences in both the level and the pace of convergence. Specifically, there was a slowing of gender convergence from the late 1980s in those countries where men and women's time in housework was already more equal, with steeper gender convergence continuing in those countries where the gender division of housework was less equal. Our findings support the view that despite short-term stalls, slow-downs, and even reverses, as well as important differences in national policy contexts, the overall cross-national picture shows a continuing trend towards greater gender equality in the performance of housework.

Does collectivism influence an individual’s willingness to trust others? Conflicting empirical results from previous research and the role of trust in international marketing make this question important to resolve. The authors investigate this question across cultures and at the individual level with four studies using multiple methods. Study 1 establishes correlational evidence between societal-level collectivism and individual-level trust propensity with results from a multilevel analysis of data from over 6,000 respondents in 36 countries. Study 2 offers an individual-level analysis using the trust game, introducing a more rigorous behavioral outcome variable. Study 3 contributes causal evidence at the individual level based on experiments in both the United States and China and offers evidence of social projection as the explanatory mechanism. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates managerial relevance by using advertising to prime collectivism and assessing its effect on trust in the firm.

Interpersonal trust is associated with a range of adaptive outcomes, including knowledge sharing. However, to date, our knowledge of antecedents and consequences of employees feeling trusted by supervisors in organizations remains limited. On the basis of a multisource, multiwave field study among 956 employees from 5 Norwegian organizations, we examined the predictive roles of perceived mastery climate and employee felt trust for employees' knowledge sharing. Drawing on the achievement goal theory, we develop and test a model to demonstrate that when employees perceive a mastery climate, they are more likely to feel trusted by their supervisors at both the individual and group levels. Moreover, the relationship between employees' perceptions of a mastery climate and supervisor-rated knowledge sharing is mediated by perceptions of being trusted by the supervisor. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

We describe a web and standalone Shiny app for calculating the common, linear within-individual association for repeated assessments of paired measures with multiple individuals: repeated measures correlation (rmcorr). This tool makes rmcorr more widely accessible, providing a graphical interface for performing and visualizing the output of analysis with rmcorr. In contrast to rmcorr, most widely used correlation techniques assume paired data are independent. Incorrectly analyzing repeated measures data as independent will likely produce misleading results. Using aggregation or separate models to address the issue of independence may obscure meaningful patterns and will also tend to reduce statistical power. rmcorrShiny (repeated measures correlation Shiny) provides a simple and accessible solution for computing the repeated measures correlation. It is available at: https://lmarusich.shinyapps.io/shiny_rmcorr/.

Extant research has established the effects of nostalgic brand positioning on brand equity, but studies have only examined individual nostalgic brand relationship dimensions separately. Combining these strands, we offer a holistic perspective of the mediating processes and identify contextual and firm-related moderators that affect the individual linkages. We draw on construal level theory and develop a multilevel model in which emotional attachment, brand local iconness, and brand authenticity explain how nostalgic brand positioning creates brand equity. We posit that country differences between emerging and developed markets and brand innovativeness moderate these mediating effects. The results from large consumer samples suggest that emotional attachment and brand local iconness play a weaker role in mediating the connection of nostalgic brand positioning and brand equity in emerging markets. However, this disadvantage in creating brand equity through nostalgic brand positioning in emerging markets can be attenuated with increasing levels of brand innovativeness.