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Summary Multilocular silique is a desirable agricultural trait with great potential for the development of high‐yield varieties of Brassica. To date, no spontaneous or induced multilocular mutants have been reported in Brassica napus, which likely reflects its allotetraploid nature and the extremely low probability of the simultaneous random mutagenesis of multiple gene copies with functional redundancy. Here, we present evidence for the efficient knockout of rapeseed homologues of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) for a secreted peptide and its related receptors CLV1 and CLV2 in the CLV signalling pathway using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and achieved stable transmission of the mutations across three generations. Each BnCLV gene has two copies located in two subgenomes. The multilocular phenotype can be recovered only in knockout mutations of both copies of each BnCLV gene, illustrating that the simultaneous alteration of multiple gene copies by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis has great potential in generating agronomically important mutations in rapeseed. The mutagenesis efficiency varied widely from 0% to 48.65% in T0 with different single‐guide RNAs (sgRNAs), indicating that the appropriate selection of the sgRNA is important for effectively generating indels in rapeseed. The double mutation of BnCLV3 produced more leaves and multilocular siliques with a significantly higher number of seeds per silique and a higher seed weight than the wild‐type and single mutant plants, potentially contributing to increased seed production. We also assessed the efficiency of the horizontal transfer of Cas9/gRNA cassettes by pollination. Our findings reveal the potential for plant breeding strategies to improve yield traits in currently cultivated rapeseed varieties.

Background: multilocular thymic cysts are uncommon acquired cysts in the anterior mediastinum caused by incomplete thymic involution. They may be associated with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis. Methods: a 61-year-old man with a history of rheumatoid arthritis for 8 years was referred to our unit because of a multiloculated mass in the anterior mediastinum with a high F[sup.18] fluorodeoxyglucose uptake at PET-CT scan. Histology showed a multilocular thymic cyst with lymphoid tissue, organized in germinal centers and internodal areas. Results: rheumatoid arthritis-related symptoms progressively disappeared after the excision of the mass. Conclusions: to our knowledge, this is the first report in the English language of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms improvement after multilocular thymic cyst surgical removal.

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma has been recently excluded from clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) category and re-designated as multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRNLMP) due to its uniformly good outcomes. While strict distinction between MCRNLMP from predominantly cystic CCRCC (pc-CCRCC) is being emphasized, the significance of extensive true cystic component in CCRCC has not been investigated. Herein, we analyzed 57 MCRNLMP, 69 pc-CCRCC, and 46 non-cystic CCRCC. There were no statistically significant differences between the three subtypes in age, gender, and laterality. ISUP grades were 1 (73%) or 2 (27%) for MCRNLMP; for pc-CCRCC were 1 (31%), 2 (60%), and 3 (9%); and for non-cystic CCRCC were 1 (9%), 2 (52%), 3 (26%), and 4 (13%). MCRNLMP were either pT stage 1 (91%) or 2 (9%), pT stages for pc-CCRCC were 1 (92.5%), 2 (1.5%), and 3 (6%) and for non-cystic CCRCC were 1 (58.7%), 2 (6.5%), and 3 (34.8%). None of MCRNLMP patients developed recurrences or metastases, and only 1 contralateral kidney tumor and 1 metastasis developed in pc-CCRCC. In contrast, 19 patients with non-cystic CCRCC developed metastases (5-year PFS 58%, CI 38.3–73.5%), and 1 patient died of disease. Monosomy 3 was common in both MCRNLMP (3/3) and pc-CCRCC (6/7). This large series of MCRNLMP confirms its indolent behavior, shows that pc-CCRCC has significantly better prognosis than non-cystic CCRCC and may define the lower grade spectrum of CCRCC. We recommend that the presence and extent of CCRCC cystic component should be documented in the pathology report.

TFE3-rearranged renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) harbor gene fusions between TFE3 and 1 of many partner genes. MED15::TFE3 fusion RCC is rare, often cystic, and easily misdiagnosed. This study aimed to characterize 2 cases of MED15::TFE3 fusion RCC with extensive cystic change using fluorescence in situ hybridization and targeted RNA sequencing. Both patients were young adult women aged 29 and 35 years. Radiologically, both presented with a cystic Bosniak category II renal lesion. The cysts measured 9.3 cm and 4.8 cm in greatest dimension. Both patients underwent cyst enucleation, and neither had tumor recurrence or metastasis at 26 and 6 months of follow-up, respectively. Microscopically, both tumors were entirely cystic, with thick, fibrous cystic walls lined by small clusters of cells with clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm and uniform, round nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. There were also small aggregations of similar clear cells within the cystic walls. Foci of basement membrane-like material depositions were noted in 1 case; calcifications were observed in both cases. Both cases demonstrated nuclear positivity for PAX8 and TFE3 and cytoplasmic staining for Melan-A; HMB45, CAIX, and CK7 were negative. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that both tumors were positive for TFE3 rearrangements. RNA sequencing identified MED15::TFE3 gene fusions in both cases. The main differential diagnosis of MED15::TFE3 fusion RCC includes multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential and atypical renal cysts. Molecular confirmation of TFE3 fusion is essential for establishing the correct diagnosis.

An aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a rare benign tumor-like lesion, described as an expanding osteolytic lesion consisting of blood-filled spaces of variable sizes separated by connective tissue septa. It is frequently accompanied by multiple cystic lesions due to aggressive hemodynamics with reactive bone formation and a genetic predisposition. This lesion has been classified as an atypical giant cell tumor or benign bone cyst. ABC has an incidence of 0.5% and comprises approximately around 1.5% of all non-odontogenic and non-epithelial cysts of the jaws. About 50% of the ABCs are reported in long bones and the vertebral column and only 2% have been reported to involve jaw bones. This case report gives an overview of a very large size ABC of the mandible in a 14-year-old male patient.

Multilocular thymic cyst (MTC) and germ cell tumors are common diseases that impact the mediastinum. Correctly diagnosing these diseases can be difficult because several other conditions can mimic them. We report a male patient with MTC associated with mediastinal seminoma. A needle biopsy of the mediastinal tumor revealed numerous epithelioid cell granulomas that mimicked sarcoidosis or mycobacterial infection. However, large atypical cells positive for Oct3/4 and KIT were noted between the granulomas; thus, we diagnosed the patient with mediastinal seminoma. The resected tumor, after chemotherapy, consisted of multiple cystic lesions, and a residual germ cell tumor was first considered. However, thymic medulla-specific elements, namely, POU2F3-positive thymic tuft cells and rhabdomyomatous myoid cells accompanying the epithelium, led to the correct diagnosis of MTC. Our case underscores the importance of recognizing the histological features associated with mediastinal seminoma and provides novel findings for MTC pathogenesis, namely, the presence of thymic tuft cells.

Background Intraosseous xanthomas are rare benign lesions sometimes associated with excess lipid production. Xanthoma of the jaw bones (XJB) was first reported in 1964, and fewer than 50 cases have been reported in the English literature to date. The etiopathogenesis of XJB is highly suggestive of a reactive process or a metabolic condition. Method Seven cases of XJBs were retrieved from the archives of 4 oral and maxillofacial pathology services. Clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of all these cases were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains for S100 and CD68 were performed. Results All seven cases involved the mandible. Patients’ age ranged between 13 and 69 years with an evenly distributed female to male ratio. One patient had a medical history of hyperlipidemia, but the medical and dental histories of the others were unremarkable. For most cases, XJB was an incidental finding discovered during routine radiographic examination. Swelling and cortical expansion were noted in a few cases. Radiographically, cases typically presented as either well-defined multilocular or unilocular lesions, which were either radiolucent or mixed radiolucent/radiopaque. All the lesions were treated with surgical curettage and no recurrence was observed during subsequent follow-ups. Each of the seven cases exhibited sheets of foamy macrophages. The diagnosis is established by exclusion of entities with overlapping microscopic features and involved correlation with the clinical, histological, radiographic and IHC profiles. Immunohistochemically, all the cases expressed diffuse positivity for CD68 and were negative for S100. Conclusion XJB is a rare lesion of unknown etiology, which may mimic other benign or reactive jaw lesions. Due to its rarity and the potential diagnostic challenges it presents, clinicians must remain vigilant and consider CXJ in their differential when assessing radiolucent jaw anomalies.

Background: Benign renal tumors are extremely rare and were studied here. This series also includes a renal teratoma in a horseshoe kidney, probably only the second in the pediatric literature. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review of children with benign renal tumors operated between 2006 and 2018 at one center. Results: Twelve patients (M:F ratio 10:2), age range 3 weeks (31-week gestation) to 13 years presented with large palpable renal swelling (n = 12) and hematuria (n = 3). Computed tomography (CT) scan showed features typical of the tumor. Final histopathology (age group [mean]) showed: multilocular cystic nephroma (MLCN) - n = 5 (41.7%), (11-16 months [13.6]); congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) - n = 4 (33.3%) (classic 1, cellular 3) (0.75-5 months [2.125]); mature cystic teratoma - n = 1 (8.3%): (48 months, in a horseshoe kidney), and angiomyolipoma (AML) - n = 2 (16.7%) (144 months [sporadic] and 156 months [tuberous sclerosis]) One patient with cystic teratoma with no calcification on CT scan received pre-operative chemotherapy as fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) reported malignant small blue cell tumor. Nephroureterectomy with Gerota's fascia could be done easily in all without intraoperative complications. Delay in presentation in MLCN and CMN led to increased symptoms and CT scan changes. All patients did well in 1.5-12 years (median 3 years) follow-up including cellular mesoblastic nephroma. Conclusions: Benign renal tumors often occur in specific age groups but may overlap that of Wilms tumor. Proper interpretation of clinical presentation, CT scan, and FNAC findings help in avoiding preoperative chemotherapy. Upfront nephroureterectomy is curative. Histopathological findings decide further treatment. Children with AML and tuberous sclerosis need lifelong follow-up.

Background For clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) with cystic component similar to multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential (MCRN-LMP) and solid low-grade component simultaneously, we propose the designation “ccRCC with cystic component similar to MCRN-LMP” and to study the relationship between MCRN-LMP and it. Methods Twelve cases of MCRN-LMP and 33 cases of ccRCC with cystic component similar to MCRN-LMP were collected from 3,265 consecutive RCCs to compare them in clinicopathological features, immunohistochemical findings (PAX8, CA-IX, CK7, Vimentin, CD10, P504s, TFE3, 34βE12) and prognosis. Results There was no significant difference in age, sex ratio, tumor size, treatment, grade and stage between them ( P  > 0.05). All ccRCCs with cystic component similar to MCRN-LMP coexisted with MCRN-LMP and solid low-grade ccRCCs, and MCRN-LMP component ranged from 20 to 90% (median, 59%). The positive ratio of CK7 and 34βE12 in MCRN-LMPs and ccRCCs’ cystic parts was significantly higher than that in ccRCCs’ solid parts, but the positive ratio of CD10 in MCRN-LMPs and ccRCCs’ cystic parts was significantly lower than that in ccRCCs’ solid parts ( P  < 0.05). There was no significant difference of all immunohistochemistry profiles between MCRN-LMPs and ccRCCs’ cystic parts ( P  > 0.05). No patient developed recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions MCRN-LMP and ccRCC with cystic component similar to MCRN-LMP have similarity and homology in clinicopathological features, immunohistochemical findings and prognosis, and form a low-grade spectrum with indolent or low malignant potential behavior. The ccRCC with cystic component similar to MCRN-LMP may be a rare pattern of cyst-dependent progression from MCRN-LMP.

This case report details a rare thymic basaloid carcinoma initially misinterpreted as a mediastinal teratoma, underscoring the diagnostic challenges posed by such tumors. A 71-year-old female presented with an asymptomatic anterior mediastinal tumor discovered incidentally during a routine health examination. Surgical intervention, followed by pathological and immunohistochemical analysis including CK-pan, p63, p40, and CD117 molecules, led to a definitive diagnosis of basaloid carcinoma of the thymus. This case highlights the critical importance of differential diagnosis in mediastinal lesions, especially those presenting with multilocular thymic cysts on chest CT. The subxiphoid video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery enabled complete tumor resection with minimal trauma and favorable postoperative outcomes. The patient opted against further radiotherapy or chemotherapy and she has survived for over eight months without recurrence. This case report contributes to the growing understanding of thymic basaloid carcinoma, a rare and potentially aggressive thymic carcinoma subtype. It emphasizes the necessity for precise surgical techniques and enhanced diagnostic acumen among cardiothoracic surgeons and oncologists.