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Collaborative approaches to complex water quality problems can facilitate collective action across large watersheds with multiple, overlapping political jurisdictions, including Indigenous territories. Indigenous nations are increasingly engaging in collaborative water governance, in part, as a response to colonial legacies that have excluded Indigenous peoples from watershed management. This study uses social network analysis to explore emerging Klamath water governance networks. We seek to understand ongoing system transformation in contemporary water governance through tribal engagement in multi-jurisdictional water governance networks, from a system of Indigenous dispossession and exclusion (late 1800s-1980s) toward a yet unrealized system that centers Indigenous peoples. To envision the meaningful inclusion of Indigenous peoples in adaptive water governance, we first draw on criteria established by Indigenous water governance scholars. Then, we examine a snapshot of Indigenous participation in water quality governance in the Klamath Basin that focuses on the Karuk Tribe from 2018-2019. Specifically, Karuk tribal managers identified 21 different science-policy coalitions that they worked with on a range of water quality issues. We then used social network analysis methods to generate a network in which 210 different organizations were linked through co-membership in one or more coalitions. Our findings indicated that the Karuk and other Klamath Basin tribes play a central role in Klamath water quality governance and were not relegated to \"stakeholder status.\" Using a community detection algorithm, we found that tribes were key players in the central technical working group that emerged through network connections. Applying a log-linear statistical model, we also observed a high level of mixing in the network across all types of organizations, including tribes. Finally, through a multi-membership model, we found that tribes were more strongly connected to influential network actors than NGOs, despite environmental NGOs being more numerous. These analyses demonstrate how tribal engagement can activate key mechanisms for water quality governance transformation, e.g., shifting information flows and changing system structures to more effectively center Indigenous nations. In addition to insights from social network analysis, we also highlight the limitations of technical water management in supporting the deep connections held between Indigenous peoples and their waters that are central to Indigenous water governance.

The decline of farmland birds across Europe is a well‐documented case of biodiversity loss, and despite land stewardship supported by funding from agri‐environment schemes (AES), the negative trends have not yet been reversed. To investigate the contribution of AES towards farmland bird conservation, we compared abundance of five farmland bird species across 13 years and 53 farms (158 farm years = AES, 72 farm years = non AES) in Northeastern Scotland (UK), a region with relatively mixed farmland. Between 2003 and 2015, on both AES and control farms, skylark (Alauda arvensis) showed a nonsignificant decline, and tree sparrow (Passer montanus) and yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) nonsignificant increases, whereas reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) and linnet (Carduelis cannabina) populations remained relatively stable. We did not detect a significant association between AES and avian abundance or population trends for any of these species, but there were positive associations with some AES management options. Possible explanations for the lack of a significant AES‐bird abundance association include poor uptake of the best AES options for farmland birds, suboptimal implementation, spill‐over effects from AES onto control farms, and the relatively good state of farmland habitats outwith AES in Northeastern Scotland. Synthesis and applications. We documented a weak effect size of participation in agri‐environment schemes on farmland bird abundance. We therefore recommend future monitoring studies be designed after consulting a power analysis. Among different land management options, we found that species‐rich grasslands, water margins, and wetland creation enhanced breeding bird abundance, highlighting the importance of relatively undisturbed herbaceous or grassland vegetation for farmland conservation. We documented a weak effect size of participation in agri‐environment schemes on farmland bird abundance. We therefore recommend future monitoring studies be designed after consulting a power analysis. Among different land management options, we found that species‐rich grasslands, water margins, and wetland creation enhanced breeding bird abundance, highlighting the importance of relatively undisturbed herbaceous or grassland vegetation for farmland conservation.

Recently, a lot of open source e-learning platforms have been offered for free in the Internet. We thus incorporate the intelligent diagnosis and assessment tool into an open software e-learning platform developed for programming language courses, wherein the proposed learning diagnosis assessment tools based on text mining and machine learning techniques are employed to alleviate the loading of the teachers. Experiments were conducted in two introductory-undergraduate programming courses to examine the effectiveness of the proposed diagnosis and assessment tools. The learners' work including the source code and comments were processed by the proposed text mining and machine learning techniques. This system also provides immediate feedback and high-quality evaluation results to guide the learners with poor performance. Our experimental results reveal that the proposed work can effectively assist the low-ability learners.