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Agaricus bisporus water crude extract was tested on honey bees for the first time. The first part of the cage experiment was set for selecting one concentration of the A. bisporus extract. Concentration of 200 µg/g was further tested in the second part of the experiment where bee survival and food consumption were monitored together with Nosema infection level and expression of five genes (abaecin, hymenoptaecin, defensin, apidaecin, and vitellogenin) that were evaluated in bees sampled on days 7 and 15. Survival rate of Nosema-infected bees was significantly greater in groups fed with A. bisporus-enriched syrup compared to those fed with a pure sucrose syrup. Besides, the anti-Nosema effect of A. bisporus extract was greatest when applied from the third day which coincides with the time of infection with N. ceranae. Daily food consumption did not differ between the groups indicating good acceptability and palatability of the extract. A. bisporus extract showed a stimulative effect on four out of five monitored genes. Both anti-Nosema and nutrigenomic effects of A. bisporus extract were observed when supplementation started at the moment of N. ceranae infection or preventively (before or simultaneously with the infection).

Herein we describe the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing potential of aqueous and polysaccharide extracts from three widely appreciated mushrooms: Agrocybe aegerita, Laetiporus sulphureus and Agaricus bisporus. Moreover, we present their detailed phenolic, polysaccharide and protein profiles and ATR-FTIR spectra. The study found that polysaccharide extracts (PEs) from mushrooms had higher total and β-glucan levels than aqueous extracts (AEs), with A. aegerita showing the highest content. L. sulphureus had a higher total protein content, and A. aegerita AE had the highest phenolic content. Our results indicate that all the tested extracts have high potential regarding their bioactive properties, with A. aegerita being the most promising one. Namely, the antibacterial activity assay showed that the development of the skin-infection-causing agent, Staphylococcus aureus, was inhibited with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 4.00 mg/mL and minimal bactericidal concentration of 8.00 mg/mL, while the results regarding wound healing showed that, over the course of 24 h, the A. aegerita extract actively promoted wound closure in the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line model. The anti-inflammatory activity results clearly showed that when we used S. aureus as an inflammation-inducing agent and the A. aegerita aqueous extract in treatment, IL-6 levels reduced to the level of 4.56 pg/mL. The obtained data suggest that the tested mushroom extracts may serve as a source of bioactive compounds, with potential applications in the cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical and food industries. Furthermore, potential skin preparations carefully crafted with mushroom extract may help restore the skin’s barrier function, decrease the probability of staph infections and minimize skin irritation.

Depending on the infection level and colony strength, Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian endoparasite of the honey bee may have significant consequences on the health, reproduction and productivity of bee colonies. Despite exerting some side effects, fumagillin is most often used for Nosema control. In this study, in a cage experiment, N. ceranae infected bees were treated with fumagillin or the extract of Agaricus blazei mushroom, a possible alternative for Nosema control. Bee survival, Nosema spore loads, the expression levels of immune-related genes and parameters of oxidative stress were observed. Fumagillin treatment showed a negative effect on monitored parameters when applied preventively to non-infected bees, while a noticeable anti-Nosema effect and protection from Nosema-induced immunosuppression and oxidative stress were proven in Nosema-infected bees. However, a protective effect of the natural A. blazei extract was detected, without any side effects but with immunostimulatory activity in the preventive application. The results of this research suggest the potential of A. blazei extract for Nosema control, which needs to be further investigated.

Edible mushrooms are not only a valued culinary ingredient but also have several potential medicinal and industrial applications. They are a rich source of protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides and terpenoids, and thus have the capacity to support human health. Some species have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties. We have therefore attempted to summarize the potential properties of the edible mushrooms popular in Poland, in the Roztocze area.

Natural cosmetics are becoming more and more popular every day. For this reason, this work investigates the properties of mushroom extracts, which are not as widely used in the cosmetics industry as plant ingredients. Water extracts of Grifolafrondosa (Maitake), Hericiumerinaceus (Lion’s Mane) and Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) were tested for their antioxidant properties, bioactive substances content, skin cell toxicity, ability to limit TEWL, effect on skin hydration and pH, and skin irritation. Our research showed that Maitake extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids and phenols, and also showed the most effective scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals as well as Chelation of Fe2+ and FRAP radicals, which were 39.84% and 82.12% in a concentration of 1000 µg/mL, respectively. All tested extracts did not increase the amount of ROS in fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The addition of mushroom extracts to washing gels reduced the irritating effect on skin, and reduced the intracellular production of free radicals, compared with the cosmetic base. Moreover, it was shown that the analyzedcosmetics had a positive effect on the pH and hydration of the skin, and reduced TEWL.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using edible mushroom extract as both reducing and stabilizing agents via microwave irradiation method. The effects of the microwave exposure time and the amount of HAuCl solution (1 m ) on the mean particle size, concentration, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the synthesized AuNP solution were investigated using response surface methodology. Mushroom extract was characterized by Fourier transform infrared. The synthesized AuNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Well-dispersed and spherical AuNPs with the minimum mean particle size and PDI, and maximum concentration and zeta potential of 33.56±1.8 nm, 0.855±0.02 ppm, 148.88±2.7 ppm, and +17.2 mV, respectively, were obtained using 2.62 ml of HAuCl and 0.2 ml of mushroom extract for 55 s. The antibacterial activity of the fabricated AuNPs was assessed against both Gram-negative ( ) and Gram-positive ( ) bacteria and was found to be possessing high bactericidal effects.

Oral cancer stands as a prevalent maligancy worldwide; however, its therapeutic potential is limited by undesired effects and complications. As a medicinal edible fungus, Chaga mushroom ( Inonotus obliquus ) exhibits anticancer effects across diverse cancers. Yet, the precise mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain unclear. We explored the detailed mechanisms underlying the anticancer action of Chaga mushroom extract in oral cancer cells (HSC-4). Following treatment with Chaga mushroom extracts, we analyzed cell viability, proliferation capacity, glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and apoptosis. Our findings revealed that the extract reduced cell viability and proliferation of HSC-4 cells while arresting their cell cycle via suppression of STAT3 activity. Regarding energy metabolism, Chaga mushroom extract inhibited glycolysis and mitochondrial membrane potential in HSC-4 cells, thereby triggering autophagy-mediated apoptotic cell death through activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our results indicate that Chaga mushroom extract impedes oral cancer cell progression, by inhibiting cell cycle and proliferation, suppressing cancer cell energy metabolism, and promoting autophagy-mediated apoptotic cell death. These findings suggest that this extract is a promising supplementary medicine for the treatment of patients with oral cancer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity, Lactobacillus acidophilus bacterial survival, cholesterol levels, and total lactic acid bacteria of synbiotic yogurt added to Pleurotus ostreatus white oyster mushroom extract. Synbiotic yogurt is a fermented milk product that is prepared by adding probiotic lactic acid bacteria, such as Streptococcus thermophillus , Lactobacillus bulgaricus , and Lactobacillus acidophilus . White oyster mushrooms have minerals and dietary fiber called beta-glucan that can function as prebiotics. White oyster mushroom extract concentrations were utilized as treatments with T0 = 0%, T1 = 2%, T2 = 4%, T3 = 6%, and T4 = 8% in the full randomized design (RAL) used in this study. Repeated four times for each treatment. The outcomes demonstrated a very significant impact (P< 0.01) of the synbiotic yogurt with the inclusion of white oyster mushroom extract on the antioxidant activity, viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria, cholesterol levels, and total lactic acid bacteria. The findings of this study suggest that a larger concentration of white oyster mushroom extract has significant antioxidant activity, increases the viability of all lactic acid bacteria, including Lactobacillus acidophylus, and lowers total cholesterol.

The cosmetic industry is in a constant search for natural compounds or extracts with relevant bioactive properties, which became valuable ingredients to design cosmeceutical formulations. Mushrooms have been markedly studied in terms of nutritional value and medicinal properties. However, there is still slow progress in the biotechnological application of mushroom extracts in cosmetic formulations, either as antioxidants, anti-aging, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory agents or as hyperpigmentation correctors. In the present work, the cosmeceutical potential of ethanolic extracts prepared from Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Lentinula edodes was analyzed in terms of anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The extracts were characterized in terms of phenolic acids and ergosterol composition, and further incorporated in a base cosmetic cream to achieve the same bioactive purposes. From the results obtained, the final cosmeceutical formulations presented 85%–100% of the phenolic acids and ergosterol levels found in the mushroom extracts, suggesting that there was no significant loss of bioactive compounds. The final cosmeceutical formulation also displayed all the ascribed bioactivities and as such, mushrooms can further be exploited as natural cosmeceutical ingredients.

A bio approach (mediated by Agaricus bisporus) was attempted in the present study to synthesize ferrite nanoparticles MFe 2 O 4 (M = Zn, Cu and Co]. The synthesized ferrites nanoparticles were characterized in terms of variations in the crystallinity, dimension and sizes using standard techniques (XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, Zeta potential and DLS). VSM analysis showed noticeable differences in the magnetic saturation values: zinc ferrite (12.5 emu/g); cobalt ferrite (27.5 emu/g) and copper ferrite (21.5 emu/g). In- vitro cytotoxic effect of the synthesised ferrite nanoparticles resulted in effective inhibition of colon cell line growth (SW620). The ferrite nanoparticles were also evaluated for their drug-release behaviour using doxorubicin (DOX). The results indicated that the maximum DOX delivery was 98.74% using zinc ferrite, 97.34% using cobalt ferrite and 99.52% using copper ferrite within 6 h using 10 mg of nanoparticles. From the hyperthermia results, a SAR of 337 W/g was noted using 10 mg of copper ferrite nanoparticles at an applied frequency of 335 kHz and magnetic field strength of 235 A/m.