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Wearable electronics presage a future in which healthcare monitoring and rehabilitation are enabled beyond the limitation of hospitals, and self‐powered sensors and energy generators are key prerequisites for a self‐sustainable wearable system. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on textiles can be an optimal option for scavenging low‐frequency and irregular waste energy from body motions as a power source for self‐sustainable systems. However, the low output of most textile‐based TENGs (T‐TENGs) has hindered its way toward practical applications. In this work, a facile and universal strategy to enhance the triboelectric output is proposed by integration of a narrow‐gap TENG textile with a high‐voltage diode and a textile‐based switch. The closed‐loop current of the diode‐enhanced textile‐based TENG (D‐T‐TENG) can be increased by 25 times. The soft, flexible, and thin characteristics of the D‐T‐TENG enable a moderate output even as it is randomly scrunched. Furthermore, the enhanced current can directly stimulate rat muscle and nerve. In addition, the capability of the D‐T‐TENG as a practical power source for wearable sensors is demonstrated by powering Bluetooth sensors embedded to clothes for humidity and temperature sensing. Looking forward, the D‐T‐TENG renders an effective approach toward a self‐sustainable wearable textile nano‐energy nano‐system for next‐generation healthcare applications. A universal strategy for enhancing the current and charging speed of textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) toward a wearable textile Nano‐energy nano‐system for next‐generation healthcare applications is proposed. The soft, flexible, and thin TENG textile is capable of scavenging energy from various body motions effectively, and the enhanced current can directly stimulate both nerves and muscles.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly population. Despite significant advances in studies of the pathobiology on AD, there is still no effective treatment. Here, an erythrocyte membrane‐camouflaged nanodrug delivery system (TR‐ZRA) modified with transferrin receptor aptamers that can be targeted across the blood–brain barrier to ameliorate AD immune environment is established. Based on metal‐organic framework (Zn‐CA), TR‐ZRA is loaded with CD22shRNA plasmid to silence the abnormally high expression molecule CD22 in aging microglia. Most importantly, TR‐ZRA can enhance the ability of microglia to phagocytose Aβ and alleviate complement activation, which can promote neuronal activity and decrease inflammation level in the AD brain. Moreover, TR‐ZRA is also loaded with Aβ aptamers, which allow rapid and low‐cost monitoring of Aβ plaques in vitro. After treatment with TR‐ZRA, learning, and memory abilities are enhanced in AD mice. In conclusion, the biomimetic delivery nanosystem TR‐ZRA in this study provides a promising strategy and novel immune targets for AD therapy. An erythrocyte membrane coated bionic nanoparticle (TR‐ZRA) with targeted aptamer is designed. The nanoparticle can be targeted into the blood–brain barrier to regulate genes in microglia, enhance the ability to phagocytose Aβ, inhibit the level of complement activation, and monitor Aβ in vitro low‐costly and rapidly, providing a new strategy for Alzheimer's disease treatment.

Lung cancer (LC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Conventional therapeutic strategies, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are often hampered by limitations such as poor tumor selectivity, low bioavailability, and severe systemic toxicity, which compromise treatment efficacy. Nanocarriers are colloidal formulations characterized by abundant porosity and unique physicochemical properties, such as tunable size, high specific surface area, and stimuli-responsiveness. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have emerged as a promising solution to enable targeted delivery, controlled drug release, and theranostics. This review discusses the advantages, limitations, and clinical translation of three major classes of nanodelivery systems for LC therapy: organic, inorganic, and inorganic-organic hybrid nanosystems. Organic systems are characterized by high biocompatibility and versatile drug-loading capacity, whereas inorganic counterparts provide distinctive optical or magnetic functionalities that enable imaging and synergistic therapy. Hybrid designs integrate both material classes to improve stability and therapeutic performance. Future research is expected to focus on optimizing inhalation strategies for deep lung deposition, developing multi-targeted biomimetic carriers, advancing theranostic platforms, and employing computational tools to accelerate nanocarrier design and clinical translation. This review aims to offer critical perspectives on the development and clinical implementation of nanomedicines for LC.

A thrombus, known as a blood clot, may form within the vascular system of the body and impede blood flow. Thrombosis is the most common underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to high morbidity and mortality. However, the main thrombolytic drugs (urokinase, streptokinase, etc.) have shortcomings, including a short half-life, serious side effects and a lack of targeting, that limit their clinical application. The use of nano-drug delivery systems is expected to address these problems and a variety of approaches, including biological and physical responsive systems, have been explored. In this report, recent advances in the development of targeted nano-drug delivery systems are thoroughly reviewed.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent gastrointestinal cancer characterized by high mortality and an unfavorable prognosis. While combination therapies involving surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are advancing, targeted therapy for ESCC remains underdeveloped. As a result, the overall five‐year survival rate for ESCC is still below 20%. Herein, ESCC‐specific DNA aptamers and an innovative aptamer‐modified nano‐system is introduced for targeted drug and gene delivery to effectively inhibit ESCC. The EA1 ssDNA aptamer, which binds robustly to ESCC cells with high specificity and affinity, is identified using cell‐based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (cell‐SELEX). An EA1‐modified nano‐system is developed using a natural egg yolk lipid nanovector (EA1‐EYLNs‐PTX/siEFNA1) that concurrently loads paclitaxel (PTX) and a small interfering RNA of Ephrin A1 (EFNA1). This combination counters ESCC's proliferation, migration, invasion, and lung metastasis. Notably, EFNA1 is overexpressed in ESCC tumors with lung metastasis and has an inverse correlation with ESCC patient prognosis. The EA1‐EYLNs‐PTX/siEFNA1 nano‐system offers effective drug delivery and tumor targeting, resulting in significantly improved therapeutic efficacy against ESCC tumors. These insights suggest that aptamer‐modified nano‐systems can deliver drugs and genes with superior tumor‐targeting, potentially revolutionizing targeted therapy in ESCC. Ephrin A1 (EFNA1) is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) with pulmonary metastasis and correlates with poor prognosis, meanwhile EA1 aptamer exhibits robust binding to ESCC cells with remarkable specificity. Consequently, they engineered an EA1‐modified nano‐system utilizing a natural egg yolk lipid nanovector (EA1‐EYLNs‐paclitaxel/siEFNA1) that offers enhanced drug/gene delivery and tumor targeting capabilities, exhibiting excellent ESCC cancer suppression efficiency.

The graphene nano-electro-mechanical switches are promising components due to their outstanding switching performance. However, most of the reported devices suffered from a large actuation voltages, hindering them from the integration in the conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuit. In this work, we demonstrated the graphene nano-electro-mechanical switches with the local actuation electrode via conventional nanofabrication techniques. Both cantilever-type and double-clamped beam switches were fabricated. These devices exhibited the sharp switching, reversible operation cycles, high on/off ratio, and a low actuation voltage of below 5 V, which were compatible with the CMOS circuit requirements.

In recent years, antimicrobial resistance in many human pathogens has become a serious health concern. Since infections with resistant pathogens cannot be treated with traditional antimicrobial drugs, new strategies are necessary to fight bacterial infections. Hybrid nano-systems may provide a solution to this problem, by combining multiple mechanisms for killing bacteria to synergistically increase the effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the development of hybrid nano-systems for the treatment of bacterial infections. We discuss the use of hybrid nano-systems for combinational therapy, focusing on various triggering mechanisms for drug release and the development of biomimetic nanomaterials. We also examine inherently antimicrobial nano-systems and their uses in preventing infections due to wounds and medical implants. This review summarizes recent advances and provides insight into the future development of antimicrobial treatments using hybrid nanomaterials.

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurological disorder marked by motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms. Currently, there are no definitive diagnostic tools or effective treatments to halt or reverse the disease. In recent years, surface-engineered nanosystems have emerged as innovative therapeutic platforms, offering significant promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional approaches. These nano systems, including liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles, offer significant potential by targeting and modulating intricate biochemical pathways involved in the progression of Huntington's disease. Their defining advantage lies in the ability to selectively deliver therapeutic agents to specific regions of the brain with high precision. Through the use of various nanoscale carriers, these particles can successfully traverse the protective barrier between the blood and brain tissue, enabling the direct delivery of treatment agents to the regions affected by Huntington's disease. This targeted approach not only enhances the therapeutic efficacy but also minimizes unwanted systemic side effects. This review highlights recent advancements in nanosystem development, addressing previous challenges and setbacks in the field, particularly in overcoming the blood-brain barrier and improving treatment delivery. The review further explores the evolving mechanisms of nanosystem delivery and their functional impact in experimental models of Huntington's disease. While the primary focus remains on therapeutic applications, we also briefly discuss recent developments in nanoparticle-based diagnostics. Although several challenges, particularly regarding comprehensive safety assessments and the current absence of nanoparticles approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for Huntington's disease, this review underscores the transformative potential of nanosystems for future therapeutic applications.

Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant tumor of the bone, seriously influences people’s lives and increases their economic burden. Conventional chemotherapy drugs achieve limited therapeutic effects owing to poor targeting and severe systemic toxicity. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems can significantly enhance the utilization efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs through targeting ligand modifications and reduce the occurrence of systemic adverse effects. A variety of ligand-modified nano-drug delivery systems have been developed for different targeting schemes. Here we review the biological characteristics and the main challenges of current drug therapy of OS, and further elaborate on different targeting schemes and ligand selection for nano-drug delivery systems of osteosarcoma, which may provide new horizons for the development of advanced targeted drug delivery systems in the future.

Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level, contributing to tumorigenesis and progression. While epigenetic-targeted combination therapies have gained prominence in oncology treatment management, their clinical efficacy remains constrained by differences in pharmacokinetics and biodistribution among combined agents. Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) demonstrate unique potential through co-delivery of therapeutic agents and optimization of their pharmacokinetic profiles. Furthermore, the development of multifunctional NDDS opens new possibilities for precision modulation in cancer treatment, offering valuable insights for clinical translation. Here, this review first outlined the intervention mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation and analyzed the applications of epigenetic combination approaches. Subsequently, we highlight the transformative potential of NDDS in epigenetic combination therapy, with particular emphasis on how multifunctional NDDS design enables precise therapeutic regulation. This comprehensive analysis aims to advance the clinical translation of epigenetic-based combination strategies through innovative drug delivery solutions. In the future, with the continuous development of AI-driven NDDS design, biomimetic carriers, and dynamic epigenetic editing tools, it will be possible to overcome the clinical challenges of NDDS, enabling truly personalized cancer treatment.