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In our review, we have presented a summary of the research accomplishments of nanostructured multimetal-based electrocatalysts synthesized by modified polyol methods, especially the special case of Pt-based nanoparticles associated with increasing potential applications for batteries, capacitors, and fuel cells. To address the problems raised in serious environmental pollution, disease, health, and energy shortages, we discuss and present an improved polyol process used to synthesize nanoparticles from Pt metal to Pt-based bimetal, and Pt-based multimetal catalysts in the various forms of alloy and shell core nanostructures by practical experience, experimental skills, and the evidences from the designed polyol processes. In their prospects, there are the micro/nanostructured variants of hybrid Pt/nanomaterials, typically such as Pt/ABO3-type perovskite, Pt/AB2O4-type ferrite, Pt/CoFe2O4, Pt/oxide, or Pt/ceramic by modified polyol processes for the development of electrocatalysis and energy technology. In the future, we suggest that both the polyol and the sol-gel processes of diversity and originality, and with the use of various kinds of water, alcohols, polyols, other solvents, reducing agents, long-term capping and stabilizing agents, and structure- and property-controlling agents, are very effectively used in the controlled synthesis of micro/nanoparticles and micro/nanomaterials. It is understood that at the levels of controlling and modifying molecules, ions, atoms, and nano/microscales, the polyol or sol-gel processes, and their technologies are effectively combined in bottom-up and top-down approaches, as are the simplest synthetic methods of physics, chemistry, and biology from the most common aqueous solutions as well as possible experimental conditions.

Nanosized sodium bismuth perovskite titanate (NBT) was synthesized and first used as the electrochemical immune sensing platform for the sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) grew on the surface of NBT through forming Au-N bond to obtain Au@NBT, and a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was proposed using Au@NBT as an immunosensing recognizer towards CEA. The well-ordered crystal structure of NBT was not changed at all after the modification of Au NPs outside, but significantly improved the conductivity, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility of the Au@NBT-modified electrode. The unique cubic crystal nanostructure of NBT offered a large active area for both Au NP modification and the subsequent immobilization of biomolecules over the electrode surface, triggering the effective generation of promising properties of the proposed Au@NBT-based electrochemical immunosensor. As expected, favorable detection performances were achieved using this immunosensor towards CEA detection, where a good linear relationship between the current response and CEA concentration was obtained in the concentration range 10 fg mL −1 to 100 ng mL −1 with a low detection limit (LOD) of 13.17 fg mL −1 . Also, the significantly enhanced selectivity, and stability guaranteed the promising electrochemical properties of this immunosensor. Furthermore, the analysis of real serum samples verified the high feasibility of this new method in clinical CEA detection. This work opens a new window for the application of nanoperovskite in the early detection of CEA. Graphical abstract

The present investigation correlates the propagation of ultrasonic waves with various micro structural features of nano La 0.69 Sr 0.31 MnO 3 (LSMO) perovskites with different grain sizes. A solid state reaction followed by the ball milling technique was used to synthesize the nano LSMO perovskite samples with various grain sizes. The occurrence of ferro-paramagnetic transition temperature (T c ) was explored through the observed anomalous behaviour in ultrasonic velocities, attenuations and elastic moduli. As the particle size gets reduced, lower T c and broader transitions are observed due to the distribution of grain boundaries. The diffusion of the FM–PM phase transition along with decrease in T c is correlated due to the effect of particle size. Furthermore structural, vibrational and electrical properties of nanosized LSMO perovskite samples with different grain sizes were studied by XRD, FTIR, BET surface area measurement, HRSEM, TEM and four probe conductivity studies. The phase of the synthesized nano LSMO perovskite samples are perfectly indexed to pure rhombohedral perovskite type crystal structure. The conductivity study proves the semiconductor nature of the nano LSMO perovskite samples. In addition to this, the peak broadening in ultrasonic studies at phase transition is in line with the observation made from the XRD pattern for the prepared nano LSMO perovskite samples.

In this present work, nanocrystalline powders of Pb-doped LaMnO 3 or La 0.64 Pb 0.36 MnO3 (LPMO) have been synthesized with various grain sizes by a solid-state reaction method followed by ball milling technique. Based on the dependence of crystallite size, the magnetic properties of the LPMO nanoperovskites have been investigated. The nanoperovskites have been structurally characterized. Further, the synthesized nanoperovskite manganite materials with various grain sizes are systematically studied for ultrasonic longitudinal velocity (U L ), shear velocity (U S ) and longitudinal and shear attenuation (α L and α S ) in wide range of temperatures. All the nanoperovskites revealed an anomalous behaviour in concern with ultrasonic velocities and attenuation towards the phenomenon of phase transition.