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The nesting of Passaloecus pictus Ribaut, 1952 was observed in Kowalewo Pomorskie (northern Poland). The nests were built in trap nests that were placed on a windowsill facing southwest. The females used resin from Picea pungens Engelm., located 5 m away, to build the cell walls. The tunnel consisted of 1–7 cells. The females provided provisions for two to three cells per day. The frequency with which a female brought aphids to a nest cell varied from 1 to 7 min. No males were observed near the nest. A total of 42 cells were examined (consisting of 31 female cells and 11 male cells). On average, a female brought about 33 aphids to the female cells and 21 aphids to the male cells. The prey were Macrosiphoniella millefolii (De Geer, 1773), Dysaphis crataegi (Kaltenbach, 1843), Macrosiphoniella persequens (Walker, 1852) and Uroleucon achilleae (Koch, 1855). The nest parasites were Melittobia acasta (Walker, 1839). The occurrence of a second generation has been confirmed.

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This study has been funded by the subproject ALMA within project “Design, validation and implementation of a monitoring network for the implementation of a network for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem services in ecosystem services in anthropised environments in Andalusia”, in the framework of the complementary plan on biodiversity, financed by the recovery and resilience mechanism UE, and coordinated under the agreement between the “Concejería de Universidad, Investigación e Innovación de la Junta de Andalucía” and University of Pablo De Olavide on behalf of a group of participants entities.

Two females of Leptochilus regulus (de Saussure, 1855) were observed nesting in reed stalks of a Fabre’s hive serving as a block of trap nests in Crimea, with the timekeeping of all their nesting behaviours. The building material used by the females to separate the nesting cavity into the cells consisted of pellets of dry soil, gravel particles, and small fragments of tree bark, leaves, and thin stems. Females rapidly carried these items collected in 1.0–1.5 m from the nests. They bonded only the last portions of the building material in each “partition” with a very small amount of mud. An additional amount of unbonded building material items was deposited into the nest after sealing the last nest cell. Females hunted exclusively for small larvae of an anobiid beetle (Coleoptera, Anobiidae); they stored 19–37 prey items per cell. Hunting and provisioning occupied the largest portion of the females’ time budget. Duration of hunting flights was different between the females. The nests of both females contained three brood cells. Cocoons of Chrysis ragusae De Stefani, 1888 (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) were found in the nests; females of this cuckoo wasp species were also recorded entering the host nests at the stage of provisioning, acting apparently as inquilines. The cocoon ultrastructure of L. regulus is illustrated and discussed.

AbstractThe nest structure of Eustenancistrocerus amadanensis was studied in Crimea. Females nested in the ground, in level or gently sloping spots with sparse vegetation. The soil in which the nests were built varied broadly in granulometric composition, from sandy loams to dense clay loams resembling clay in their properties. Of 11 nests studied, 5 had been abandoned by the females before oviposition, while the remaining 6 nests contained 1–4 cells each. These nests were 5.0–7.5 cm deep; the diameter of the nest burrow was approximately 3 mm. The cells were 9–13 mm long and did not differ in diameter from the remaining parts of the nest burrow. The multicellular nests had a linear-branched structure. The nests also contained empty lateral burrows whose exact function remains obscure. The nests were surmounted by inclined earthen turrets 5–10 mm tall, solid at the base and showing a laced structure at their distal ends. To construct the entrance turret, the females removed small earthen pellets from the nest burrow; having finished the turret, the females continued excavating the nest burrow, but then they removed and threw away larger earthen pellets. Females dismantled the turrets while sealing the nests. The wasps moistened and softened the ground with water, which they took from wet ground along streams and near the sea coast, and also from puddles, landing directly on their surface and floating due to surface tension. Females hunted for larvae of two species of coleophorid moths. The nesting rate was very low, only 1 cell in 2–8 days. Adult feeding was recorded on flowers of 10 plant species from 8 families. The species is bivoltine, with hibernation at the prepupa stage. A cocoon of an unidentified cuckoo wasp was found in one nest. The reproductive success was 81.1%. A male sleeping aggregation was also recorded. The bionomics of the genus Eustenancistrocerus and related genera are discussed.

Loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta are globally endangered. The population nesting in Cabo Verde is genetically distinctive and numerically important in a global context. In Cabo Verde, the majority on the nesting takes place on the island of Boavista, but recent work suggests that other important nesting sites may exist. Santa Luzia is the only large uninhabited island in Cabo Verde. In this study, beach surveys revealed 289 nests in 2011, 1817 nests in 2012, and 563 nests in 2013, which means that Santa Luzia may host more than 1% of the loggerhead nesting population in the Atlantic. The sex ratio of turtle hatchlings currently being produced on Santa Luzia is female biased, but there is still a good production of males. The results highlight the importance of the island of Santa Luzia for the conservation of loggerhead turtles, particularly considering that unlike other islands in Cabo Verde, this is a nature reserve where no beach development is taking place and where nest and female poaching is well controlled by the activities of conservation organizations, such as the nongovernmental organization Biosfera 1.

Situated about 500 km off the Malagasy east coast, the island of Tromelin is a key nesting site for the endangered green turtle, Chelonia mydas, in the south Western Indian Ocean. Nesting turtles found in this isolated island have been closely monitored since the 1970s, but the most recent estimates of nesting parameters date from 1986. Using mark–recapture data, track counts, and nests monitoring data collected over the 2009/2010 nesting peak, reproductive characteristics, population size, and offspring production were updated and discussed in the light of the track survey undertaken from 1986 to 2010. Females showed a consistent reproductive behaviour compared with previous studies in terms of clutch frequency (2.75 ± 1.46) and nesting success (0.65). Nest indices such as hatching success (0.76 ± 0.25) and emergence success (0.61 ± 0.33) were also included in the range of values calculated in the 1980s. Importantly, the estimated number of nesters and production in eggs and hatchlings were similar to older estimates, suggesting a relative demographic stability. For the 2009/2010 year-long nesting season, the size of the nesting population was estimated at about 1500 individuals, which produced around 480,900 eggs (± 103,900), resulting in 289,200 emerging hatchlings (± 152,000). These results are promising and support the effectiveness of conservation measures undertaken in the Iles Eparses, but further comparable monitoring is needed in the coming years to confirm the stability in Tromelin's green turtle nesting population.

Environmental factors can play important roles in influencing waterbird communities. In particular, weather may have various biological and ecological impacts on the breeding activities of waterbirds, though most studies have investigated the effect of weather on the late stages of waterbird breeding (e.g., hatching rate, chick mortality). Conversely, the present study attempts to highlight the influence of weather on the early nesting activities of waterbirds by evaluating a recently established mixed-species colony in Putrajaya Wetlands, Malaysia. The results show that only rainfall and temperature have a significant influence on the species' nesting activities. Rainfall activity is significantly correlated with the Grey Heron's rate of establishment (rainfall: rs = 0.558, p = 0.03, n = 72) whereas both temperature and rainfall are associated with Painted Stork's nesting density (temperature: rs = 0.573, p = 0.013; rainfall: rs = -0.662, p = 0.03, n = 48). There is a possibility that variations in the rainfall and temperature provide a cue for the birds to initiate their nesting. Regardless, this paper addresses concerns on the limitations faced in the study and suggests long-term studies for confirmation.

Centris (Wagenknechtia) muralis Burmeister is one of the most common bee species distributed in the xeric region of Argentina. This work describes macro-and micromorphological aspects of the nesting architecture and the stages involved in the process of nesting of C. muralis bee, in the adobe walls of Capayán ruins and recent earthen constructions in Udpinango and Villa Castelli, La Rioja, Argentina. In addition, we discuss the possible factors that may explain the high density of nests observed in the adobe walls of Capayán ruins. These constructions are settled in the northern area of the Monte desert. Our analysis showed that the nest cell walls are strengthened and waterproofed probably by the admixture of organic material to the adobe matrix. Light microscopy of thin sections of the vacated cells showed the inner layers of organic material corresponding to the cocoon, and the outer layer of 0.7 mm thick corresponding to the cell walls consisting mainly of silt and clay, fine sand grains in low rate and absence of grains of sand medium and large. The cell wall was not different in its granulometry from that in the adobe brick, thus suggesting that the cell wall was constructed probably by cementing the particles with bee secretion. The scanning micrographs showed that the cell walls and non-nesting zones exhibited abundant clay crystals in the grain distribution. Pollen from Larrea sp. was observed in high proportions in the nest contents of C. muralis in the Capayán adobe walls.

Some years ago, I began to watch over wild birds along the north Florida coast. I was a volunteer steward, and my first assignment was on a bit of sand, a spoil island south of the Apalachicola bridge. There, I was to keep track of nesting activity by Least Terns, Black Skimmers, certain small plovers, or American Oystercatchers. Two or three times a month between March and August, I’d travel to Apalachicola and slide my kayak down the concrete ramp at Ten Foot Hole. I’d tidy my lines, floating in the backwater basin between a double row of houseboats, sailboats,

Coastal areas provide nesting habitat for marine turtles that is critical for the persistence of their populations. However, many coastal areas are highly affected by coastal development, which affects the reproductive success of marine turtles. Knowing the extent to which nesting areas are exposed to these threats is essential to guide management initiatives. This information is particularly important for coastal areas with both high nesting density and dense human development, a combination that is common in the United States. We assessed the extent to which nesting areas of the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), the green (Chelonia mydas), the Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), and leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the continental United States are exposed to coastal development and identified conservation hotspots that currently have high reproductive importance and either face high exposure to coastal development (needing intervention), or have low exposure to coastal development, and are good candidates for continued and future protection. Night-time light, housing, and population density were used as proxies for coastal development and human disturbance. About 81.6% of nesting areas were exposed to housing and human population, and 97.8% were exposed to light pollution. Further, most (>65%) of the very high-and high-density nesting areas for each species/subpopulation, except for the Kemp's ridley, were exposed to coastal development. Forty-nine nesting sites were selected as conservation hotspots; of those highdensity nesting sites, 49% were sites with no/low exposure to coastal development and the other 51% were exposed to high-density coastal development. Conservation strategies need to account for ~66.8% of all marine turtle nesting areas being on private land and for nesting sites being exposed to large numbers of seasonal residents.