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Neuropsychological assessment tools are the staple of our field. The development of standardized metrics sensitive to brain-behavior relationships has shaped the neuropsychological questions we can ask, our understanding of discrete brain functions, and has informed the detection and treatment of neurological disorders. We identify key turning points and innovations in neuropsychological assessment over the past 40–50 years that highlight how the tools used in common practice today came to be. Also selected for emphasis are several exciting lines of research and novel approaches that are underway to further probe and characterize brain functions to enhance diagnostic and treatment outcomes. We provide a brief historical review of different clinical neuropsychological assessment approaches (Lurian, Flexible and Fixed Batteries, Boston Process Approach) and critical developments that have influenced their interpretation (normative standards, cultural considerations, longitudinal change, common metric batteries, and translational assessment constructs). Lastly, we discuss growing trends in assessment including technological advances, efforts to integrate neuropsychology across disciplines (e.g., primary care), and changes in neuropsychological assessment infrastructure. Neuropsychological assessment has undergone massive growth in the past several decades. Nonetheless, there remain many unanswered questions and future challenges to better support measurement tools and translate assessment findings into meaningful recommendations and treatments. As technology and our understanding of brain function advance, efforts to support infrastructure for both traditional and novel assessment approaches and integration of complementary brain assessment tools from other disciplines will be integral to inform brain health treatments and promote the growth of our field. (JINS, 2017, 23, 778–790)

This volume is the first comprehensive resource to assist neuropsychologists to provide culturally competent services to Asian Americans. It highlights pertinent historical socio-cultural characteristics of the largest Asian American ethnic groups, which helps to conceptualize presentation, provide an optimal environment for test administration, interpret tests within a cultural context, and offer culturally sensitive feedback and recommendations. In addition, the volume gives a summary of the available neuropsychological literature for each Asian American ethnic group, recommendations for testing, and illustrative case samples. The second purpose of the volume is to provide a glimpse of how neuropsychology is currently practiced in different Asian countries, by reviewing the neuropsychological literature and by listing the available resources. This information gives valuable insights to neuropsychologists working with Asian communities throughout the world. Neuropsychology of Asian Americans is an essential resource for clinical neuropsychologists and school psychologists who perform neuropsychological services to Asians. It is also an important resource for academic neuropsychologists and students with Asians in their sample, as cultural variables may have moderating effects on data that information in this book helps to elucidate. Part 1. Asian American Neuropsychology . D. Fujii , Introduction. D. Fujii, B. Yee, S. Eap, T. Kuoch, M. Scully, Neuropsychology of Cambodian Americans. T. Wong , Neuropsychology of Chinese Americans. K. Nadal, J. Monzones , Neuropsychological Assessments and Filipino Americans: Cultural Implications for Practice. D. Fujii, A. Vang , Neuropsychology of Hmong. V. Phatak, V. Kamath, D. Fujii , Neuropsychology of Asian Indian Americans. B. Tsushima, V. Tsushima, D. Fujii , Neuropsychology of Japanese Americans. M.Y. Jo, L. Kwon Dawson , Neuropsychological Assessment of Korean Americans. D. Fujii , Neuropsychology of Laotian Americans. D. Fujii, T. Wu, K. Ratanadilok , Neuropsychology of Thai Americans. D. Ngo, M.T. Le, P.D. Le , Neuropsychology of Vietnamese Americans. Part 2. Neuropsychology in Asia . A. Chan, W. Leung, M.C. Cheung , Neuropsychology in China. K. Kumar , Neuropsychology in India. A. Isomura, M. Mimura, Neuropsychology in Japan. J. Chey, H. Park, Neuropsychology in Korea. N.C. Din , Neuropsychology in Malaysia. M.R. Lopa-Ramos , L. Ledesma , Neuropsychology in the Philippines. S. Collinson, D. Yeo , Neuropsychology in Singapore: History, Development, and Future Directions. K. Ratanadilok , Neuropsychology in Thailand Daryl Fujii is a board certified clinical neuropsychologist (American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology) and a fellow of the American Psychological Association. He has over 50 publications including an edited book, The Spectrum of Psychotic Disorders . Daryl has been actively promoting cross cultural neuropsychological competencies through his involvement with the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) and Veteran’s Affairs Psychology Diversity Training Committee, and mentoring ethnic minority neuropsychologists through his participation in APA’s Division 40 Ethnic Minority Affairs Committee as well as training practicum students, interns, and post doctoral fellows. Daryl currently works as a geriatric neuropsychologist at the Pacific Island Health Care Services Center for Aging and is an international consultant and lecturer. \"While no one book can allow us to understand [cultural] differences fully, the current volume goes a long way in helping neuropsychologists feel much less helpless. ... When it comes to U.S. neuropsychologists seeing Asian clients ... The Neuropsychology of Asian-Americans is the place to look. ... A rewarding read for those who are interested in cross-cultural issues generally. The astonishing range of languages, levels and types of education, cultural practices and influences, and histories represented in this book is a useful antidote to Asian stereotyping. ... The writing is uniformly clear and straightforward, another indication of excellent editing. ... The Neuropsychology of Asian-Americans is a very practical book. It provides a concise guide to the clinician that is well-written and well-organized. Hopefully, it may serve as a model for future work concerning other immigrant populations. ... If we in the West truly want to understand the neuropsychological functioning of the human brain, we must become more aware of that other half of humanity that is addressed in this book.\" – Tedd Judd, Clinical Neuropsychologist, in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society \" Daryl Fujii’s Neuropsychology of Asian Americans is an invaluable resource for any clinician, trainee, or student who wishes to gain cross-cultural competence with clients of Asian descent. While this book provides a comprehensive review of cultural factors that are directly applicable to neuropsychological assessment, the breadth and depth of information covered in this book is highly useful for any clinician who works with this population. \" - Lauren Drag, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Health System, USA \"The Neuropsychology of Asian Americans superbly describes many cultural and linguistic factors that can undermine an evidence-based assessment of Asian Americans . ... The Neuropsychology of Asian Americans is a unique resource in that it provides historical background information regarding the stressors, conflicts, wars, and other sociological issues unique to each of the cultures discussed. ... The Neuropsychology of Asian Americans is an engaging, comprehensive, and informative text for any clinician who assesses or treats clients of Asian descent. The recommendations and case studies make the book easy to read and a practical reference. This book would also be useful to incorporate in course work on diversity and culturally competent practice in counseling or clinical psychology programs. It is a necessary read for any clinician using psychological or cognitive tests with Asian Americans. At the very least, any psychologist or neuropsychologist, especially those practicing in an urban environment, will benefit by having this text as a reference .\" – Robert B. Perna and Rebecca Villar in PsycCRITIQUES

Neuropsychological assessment through VideoTeleConferencing (VTC) can help improve access to diagnostic and follow-up care in memory clinics. This study investigated the stability of performance on VTC assessment in relation to in-person assessment using a test-retest design and explored user experiences of VTC assessment. Thirty-one patients (62 ± 6.7 years, 45% female, 58% Subjective Cognitive Decline, 42% Mild Cognitive Impairment/dementia diagnosis) were included from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort between August 2020 and February 2021. Patients underwent a face-to-face neuropsychological assessment followed by a VTC assessment using the same test protocol within 4 months. Reliability coefficients were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). For each test, the proportion of clinically relevant differences in performances between assessment modalities was calculated. User experiences of patients and neuropsychologists were assessed with questionnaires (User Satisfaction and Ease of use [USE] questionnaire and System Usability Scale [SUS]). Neuropsychologists also participated in a focus group. ICC values were moderate to excellent (0.63-0.93) for all test measures in the total sample. On all tests, most patients did not show clinically relevant performance differences between modalities. Patients and neuropsychologists reported overall positive VTC system usability, although neuropsychologists indicated in the focus group that patients without cognitive impairment required less training for the system and were more independent. VTC assessment showed adequate to excellent test-retest reliability for a broad range of neuropsychological tests commonly used in practice. Assessment through VTC may be a user friendly method in the memory clinic, especially to monitor individuals at risk for future cognitive decline.

Much attention in the field of clinical neuropsychology has focused on adapting to the modern healthcare environment by advancing telehealth and promoting technological innovation in assessment. Perhaps as important (but less discussed) are advances in the development and interpretation of normative neuropsychological test data. These techniques can yield improvement in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning with little additional cost. Brooks and colleagues (Can Psychol 50: 196–209, 2009) eloquently summarized best practices in normative data creation and interpretation, providing a practical overview of norm development, measurement error, the base rates of low scores, and methods for assessing change. Since the publication of this seminal work, there have been several important advances in research on development and interpretation of normative neuropsychological test data, which may be less familiar to the practicing clinician. Specifically, we provide a review of the literature on regression-based normed scores, item response theory, multivariate base rates, summary/factor scores, cognitive intraindividual variability, and measuring change over time. For each topic, we include (1) an overview of the method, (2) a rapid review of the recent literature, (3) a relevant case example, and (4) a discussion of limitations and controversies. Our goal was to provide a primer for use of normative neuropsychological test data in neuropsychological practice.

The number of test translations and adaptations has risen exponentially over the last two decades, and these processes are now becoming a common practice. The International Test Commission (ITC) Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (Second Edition, 2017) offer principles and practices to ensure the quality of translated and adapted tests. However, they are not specific to the cognitive processes examined with clinical neuropsychological measures. The aim of this publication is to provide a specialized set of recommendations for guiding neuropsychological test translation and adaptation procedures. The International Neuropsychological Society's Cultural Neuropsychology Special Interest Group established a working group tasked with extending the ITC guidelines to offer specialized recommendations for translating/adapting neuropsychological tests. The neuropsychological application of the ITC guidelines was formulated by authors representing over ten nations, drawing upon literature concerning neuropsychological test translation, adaptation, and development, as well as their own expertise and consulting colleagues experienced in this field. A summary of neuropsychological-specific commentary regarding the ITC test translation and adaptation guidelines is presented. Additionally, examples of applying these recommendations across a broad range of criteria are provided to aid test developers in attaining valid and reliable outcomes. Establishing specific neuropsychological test translation and adaptation guidelines is critical to ensure that such processes produce reliable and valid psychometric measures. Given the rapid global growth experienced in neuropsychology over the last two decades, the recommendations may assist researchers and practitioners in carrying out such endeavors.

IntroductionThe first definition of PAS, enunciated by Richard Gardner in 1985, refers to a disorder originating in the context of legal conflicts related to child custody. Its main characteristic would be a smear campaign by the child towards a parent, in the absence of plausible arguments. In this context, the child would experience an oppositional and dichotomous feeling towards his or her parents. In recent years, the presence of PAS has become increasingly important, both in the legal and health fields, largely due to the controversy and debate surrounding its approval and recognition, and there is currently no consensus on the matter.ObjectivesThe main objective of this work is to examine the current state of PAS in depth in the different fields in which it is emerging: the medical-scientific and legal spheres. The current controversies and debate, both scientific and legal, will be developed. Research will be carried out on the origin of the concept and its evolution, its symptomatic presentation, the neuropsychological consequences in minors, the role and legal value of expert reports, as well as the existing evaluation methods for the assessment of PAS.MethodsAn extensive literature review was carried out on the subject in question, extracting information mainly from scientific articles, but also from legislative documents, manuals and books.ResultsThere are currently no specific laws regulating PAS in European countries. According to Article 10.2 of the Spanish Constitution, norms related to fundamental rights shall be interpreted according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As a direct consequence of the chronic psychological stresses experienced by children, adaptive disorders may appear, often characterised by symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, a multitude of neuropsychological consequences have been observed not only in the affected child, but also in the adult he or she will become.ConclusionsCurrently, there is a fervent debate about the validity and recognition of PAS as a diagnostic entity, spanning different disciplines, ranging from health to social and legal. In Europe, professionals in the scientific field have not reached an agreement regarding the approval of PAS. On the one hand, there are those for whom PAS is a verified phenomenon; on the other hand, there are those who flatly reject the existence of this phenomenon. The latter consider PAS an unscientific construct, referring to it as “court syndrome” or “patriarchal alienation syndrome”.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Conventional meta-analytic procedures assume that effect sizes are independent. When effect sizes are not independent, conclusions based on these conventional procedures can be misleading or even wrong. Traditional approaches, such as averaging the effect sizes and selecting one effect size per study, are usually used to avoid the dependence of the effect sizes. These ad-hoc approaches, however, may lead to missed opportunities to utilize all available data to address the relevant research questions. Both multivariate meta-analysis and three-level meta-analysis have been proposed to handle non-independent effect sizes. This paper gives a brief introduction to these new techniques for applied researchers. The first objective is to highlight the benefits of using these methods to address non-independent effect sizes. The second objective is to illustrate how to apply these techniques with real data in R and Mplus. Researchers may modify the sample R and Mplus code to fit their data.