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El estado nutricional y la actividad física es una preocupación mundial, como se manifiesta en lo declarado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud cuando prevé que casi dos de cada tres personas tendrán sobrepeso en 2030 y que más del 80% de los escolares no realiza la actividad física necesaria al día. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la actividad física y el estado nutricional, según el índice de masa corporal en los adolescentes chilenos. Tiene un diseño descriptivo trasversal con una muestra que estuvo compuesta por n=3169 sujetos. Los instrumentos fueron el cuestionario PAQ-C y mediciones antropométricas talla-peso y se desarrollaron análisis descriptivos y la prueba ANOVA. Los resultados indican que no existe relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre el estado nutricional y la actividad física de los adolescentes, pero si en relación con el estado nutricional entre los grupos de edad y sexo. En general a mayor edad, disminuye el estado nutricional por exceso, en el caso de los hombres lo mantienen mayor que el de las mujeres entre 10 a 15 años. Por el contrario, en el grupo de más de 16 años, las mujeres mantienen una puntuación más alta en el estado nutricional por exceso, invirtiéndose estos valores en los hombres que alcanzan un estado nutricional normal mayor. Se concluye que la mala nutrición y la leve o poca actividad física de los adolescentes requiere urgentemente implementar estrategias que beneficien e impulsen la práctica de actividad física y una dieta equilibrada diaria. Palabras claves: adolescentes, nutrición, ejercicio físico, Chile. Abstract. Nutritional status and physical activity is a worldwide concern, as stated by the World Health Organization when it predicts that almost two out of three people will be overweight in 2030 and that more than 80% of schoolchildren do not perform the necessary physical activity per day. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between physical activity and nutritional status, according to body mass index in Chilean adolescents. It has a cross-sectional descriptive design with a sample that consisted of n=3169 subjects. The instruments were the PAQ-C questionnaire and anthropometric height-weight measurements, and descriptive analyses and ANOVA tests were performed. The results indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between nutritional status and physical activity in adolescents, but there is a statistically significant relationship between nutritional status among age and sex groups. In general, the older the age, the lower the nutritional status due to excess, in the case of men it is higher than that of women between 10 and 15 years of age. On the contrary, in the group over 16 years of age, women maintain a higher score in nutritional status by excess, reversing these values in men who reach a higher normal nutritional status. Keywords: adolescents, nutrition, physical exercise, Chile.

Mental health problems are common among adolescents and greatly influenced by stressful events. This study sought to assess the prevalence and correlates of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19. Method: Cross-sectional study (N = 1,794 adolescents, mean age = 15.26) was conducted in May 2020. An online survey was used to collect socio-demographic data, COVID-related fear (COVID-fear), nutrition, physical activity (PA) level and the symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety. Results: The prevalence of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms was 37.80%, 48.20% and 36.70%, respectively, among Chinese adolescents during the pandemic. Generalized linear models revealed that female, left behind children, and students with greater COVID-fear tended to report symptoms of insomnia, depression and anxiety concurrently. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors and COVID-fear, better nutritional status and moderately active PA were both associated with lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, while highly active PA was associated with lower levels of insomnia, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to psychological health among adolescents while combating COVID-19. To promote adolescents’ mental health, educators should help adolescents develop a healthy lifestyle with balanced diet and regular exercise. Los problemas de salud mental son comunes en adolescentes y están influenciados por eventos estresantes. Se evaluó prevalencia y correlatos de síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad en adolescentes chinos durante el COVID-19. Método: En mayo de 2020 se realizó un estudio transversal (N = 1.794 adolescentes, edad media = 15,26) mediante una encuesta en línea para recopilar datos sociodemográficos, miedo relacionado con COVID-19, nutrición, actividad física (AF) y síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad. Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad fue del 37,80%, 48,20% y 36,70%, respectivamente. Modelos lineales generalizados revelaron que mujeres, niños abandonados y estudiantes con más miedo al COVID-19 tendían a informar síntomas de insomnio, depresión y ansiedad simultaneamente. Después de ajustar los factores sociodemográficos y el miedo al COVID-19, mejor estado nutricional y AF moderadamente activa se asociaron con niveles más bajos de síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, mientras que AF muy activa se asoció con niveles más bajos de insomnio, síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad. Conclusiones: Se debe prestar más atención a la salud psicológica de los adolescentes mientras se combate el COVID-19. Para promover su salud mental, los educadores deben ayudarles a desarrollar un estilo de vida saludable con una dieta equilibrada y ejercicio regular.

An understanding of the mineral nutrition of plants is of fundamental importance in both basic and applied plant sciences. The Third Edition of this book retains the aim of the first in presenting the principles of mineral nutrition in the light of current advances. This volume retains the structure of the first edition, being divided into two parts: Nutritional Physiology and Soil-Plant Relationships. In Part I, more emphasis has been placed on root-shoot interactions, stress physiology, water relations, and functions of micronutrients. In view of the worldwide increasing interest in plant-soil interactions, Part II has been considerably altered and extended, particularly on the effects of external and interal factors on root growth and chapter 15 on the root-soil interface. The third edition will be invaluable to both advanced students and researchers.

Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Most scientific evidence points to leptin’s satiating effect being due to its dual capacity to promote the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides and to reduce orexigenic expression in the hypothalamus. However, it has also been demonstrated that leptin can stimulate (i) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (ii) the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the demonstration of the importance of BAT in humans 10 years ago, its study has aroused great interest, mainly in the improvement of obesity-associated metabolic disorders through the induction of thermogenesis. Consequently, several strategies targeting BAT activation (mainly in rodent models) have demonstrated great potential to improve hyperlipidemias, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and weight gain, leading to an overall healthier metabolic profile. Here, we review the potential therapeutic ability of leptin to correct obesity and other metabolic disorders, not only through its satiating effect, but by also utilizing its thermogenic properties.

La obesidad se caracteriza por la acumulación elevada de tejido adiposo y ha aumentado rápidamente en los últimos años. Este aumento excesivo de peso, así como las complicaciones relacionadas, pueden desarrollarse debido a una interacción de factores ambientales y genéticos. Además, varios estudios han mostrado que la dieta de la población chilena es de baja calidad a lo largo de todo su ciclo de vida. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es examinar la evidencia actual sobre la efectividad de estrategias nutricionales y programas de tratamiento para la obesidad y/o pérdida de peso en Chile. Para ello, se utilizaron las bases de datos de PubMed y Web of Science para identificar artículos que evaluaron la efectividad de estrategias nutricionales y programas para el tratamiento de la obesidad y/o pérdida de peso en Chile. Después de la revisión, se incluyeron 23 publicaciones en la revisión final. Se encontró que la prevalencia de la obesidad es particularmente alta en Chile. Además, hay un alto número de estudios controlados aleatorios que demuestran los beneficios de la pérdida de peso, sin embargo, solo algunos actúan de manera multiprofesional y extensa (>16 semanas). Palabras clave: Nutrición; Actividad física; pérdida de peso Abstract. Obesity is a condition characterised by a high accumulation of adipose tissue and has been increasing rapidly in recent years. This excessive weight gain and related complications may develop due to environmental and genetic factors. Furthermore, multiple national studies have demonstrated that the diet of the Chilean population is of poor quality throughout their lifespan. Therefore, this systematic review aims to examine the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of nutritional strategies and treatment programs for obesity and/or weight loss in Chile. To achieve this, PubMed and Web of Science databases were used to identify articles that evaluated the effectiveness of nutritional strategies and programs for treating obesity and/or weight loss in Chile. Following the review, 23 publications were included in the final analysis. The review found that the prevalence of obesity is particularly high in Chile. Additionally, there are a significant number of randomized controlled studies that demonstrate the benefits of weight loss. However, very few of these studies work in a multiprofessional and long-term manner. Keywords: Nutrition; Physical fitness; Weight loss

More than two billion people are micronutrient deficient. Polished grains of popular rice varieties have concentration of approximately 2 μg g −1 iron (Fe) and 16 μg g −1  zinc (Zn). The HarvestPlus breeding programs for biofortified rice target 13 μg g −1  Fe and 28 μg g −1  Zn to reach approximately 30% of the estimated average requirement (EAR). Reports on engineering Fe content in rice have shown an increase up to 18 μg g −1 in glasshouse settings; in contrast, under field conditions, 4 μg g −1 was the highest reported concentration. Here, we report on selected transgenic events, field evaluated in two countries, showing 15 μg g −1  Fe and 45.7 μg g −1  Zn in polished grain. Rigorous selection was applied to 1,689 IR64 transgenic events for insert cleanliness and, trait and agronomic performances. Event NASFer-274 containing rice nicotianamine synthase ( OsNAS2 ) and soybean ferritin ( SferH-1 ) genes showed a single locus insertion without a yield penalty or altered grain quality. Endosperm Fe and Zn enrichment was visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging. The Caco-2 cell assay indicated that Fe is bioavailable. No harmful heavy metals were detected in the grain. The trait remained stable in different genotype backgrounds.