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Understanding what motivates people to join violent ideological groups and engage in acts of cruelty against others is of great social and societal importance. In this paper, I posit that one necessary element is ‘ideological obsession’—an ideological commitment fuelled by unmet psychological needs and regulated by inhibitory and ego-defensive mechanisms. Drawing from evidence collected across cultures and ideologies, I describe four processes through which ideological obsession puts individuals on a path towards violence. First, ideological obsession deactivates moral self-regulatory processes, allowing unethical behaviours to be carried out without self-recrimination. Second, ideologically obsessed individuals are easily threatened by information that criticises their ideology, which in turn leads to hatred and violent retaliation. Third, ideological obsession changes people's social interactions by making them gravitate towards like-minded individuals who support ideological violence. As these social networks become more interconnected, they amplify one's adherence to violent extremism. Finally, ideologically obsessed individuals are prone to psychological reactance, making them immune to communication strategies intended to dissuade them from using violence. In fact, messages espousing non-violence can have the opposite effect by reinforcing their violence-supporting ideology. I conclude by presenting evidence-based strategies to prevent radicalisation leading to violence for individuals in pre-criminal spaces. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.

Olfactory obsessions (OOs) are rarely described in the medical literature. The features of OOs appear consistent with characteristics of a typical obsession, but since they do not involve the realm of thought, it is questionable to term them obsessions per se. Olfactory Reference Syndrome (ORS) presents OOs inconsistently and is a distinctive diagnostic category related to OCD. Therefore, the primary objectives of our study were not only to assess the prevalence of OOs in OCD patients, but also to demonstrate their phenomenological consistency with other OCD symptoms. The study group consisted of 75 patients already diagnosed and treated for OCD. Hence, a comparison was made between OCD patients with and without OOs in terms of: symptom severity, level of insight and comorbidities. Olfactory obsessions (OOs) were found in 21.33% (n = 16). OOs induced compulsive behavior in more than 93% of subjects. The presence of OOs did not significantly differentiate the studied groups in terms of OCD severity (p = 0.876), level of insight (p = 0.680), depression (p = 0.746), mania (p = 0.525) and OCDP traits (p = 0.624). However, a comparison of the two groups showed that OOs patients presented higher levels of hostility (p = 0.036), cognitive impulsivity (p = 0.039), magic-type obsession (75% vs. 35.59%), and contamination obsession (87.50% vs. 67.80%). Conclusions: OOs frequently occur in the course of OCD, and their phenomenology is typical of this disorder. OOs are not a symptom of thought content disorders and are sensory in nature, which is not included in the definition of obsession. The presence of OOs in OCD provokes hostility and cognitive impulsivity. It can be assumed that the Olfactory Obsessions Questionnaire accurately identifies olfactory obsessions.

This article aims to evaluate 5 Beck scales – Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (BSS), and Clark–Beck Obsession-Compulsion Inventory (CBOCI) – comparing clinical and normative samples, and to determine clinically relevant cutoffs. The clinical sample consisted of 242 persons aged 18–74; 39 percent were men and 61 percent were women. The normative sample consisted of 1296 persons aged 18–95; 44 percent were men and 56 percent were women. In order to compare the estimates of the normative and clinical samples of the Beck scales, a paired data study sample was formed – 230 participants from the clinical and normative groups each. The clinical sample was divided into four groups according to the primary diagnoses: 107 (46.5%) patients were diagnosed with mood (affective) disorder (F30–F39), 38 (16.5%) with neurophysical stress and somatoform disorders (F40–F49), 51 (22.2%) with disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances (F10–F19), 34 (14.8%) with high risk of suicide (X60–X84; Z91.5; R45.81). 27 percent of patients had comorbid diagnoses. The results show high internal consistency of the Beck scales in all samples. The discrimination abilities of all five Beck scales are good; the cutoffs for each Beck scale in four clinical groups are estimated. Both the total clinical sample and the 4 clinical sample groups had significantly higher BDI-II, BAI, BHS, BSS, and CBOCI scores than the normative sample. In conclusion, the Beck scales alone are not sufficient for making a decision about the clinical diagnosis.

The differential diagnosis of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders can be difficult. In the current diagnostic criteria, basic concepts such as obsession and delusion overlap. This study examined lifetime schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology, including subtle schizotypal symptomatology and subjective anomalies such as self-disorders, in a sample diagnosed with OCD in a specialized setting. The study also examined the differential diagnostic potential of the classic psychopathological notions of true obsession (‘with resistance’) and pseudo-obsession. The study involved 42 outpatients diagnosed with OCD at two clinics specialized in the treatment of OCD. The patients underwent semi-structured, narrative interviews assessing a comprehensive battery of psychopathological instruments. The final lifetime research-diagnosis was based on a consensus between a senior clinical psychiatrist and an experienced research clinician. The study found that 29% of the patients fulfilled criteria of schizophrenia or another non-affective psychosis as main, lifetime DSM-5 research-diagnosis. Another 33% received a research-diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder, 10% a research-diagnosis of major depression and 29% a main research-diagnosis of OCD. Self-disorders aggregated in the schizophrenia-spectrum groups. True obsessions had a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 58% for a main diagnosis of OCD. In conclusion, a high proportion of clinically diagnosed OCD patients fulfilled diagnostic criteria of a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. The conspicuous obsessive–compulsive symptomatology may have resulted in a disregard of psychotic symptoms and other psychopathology. Furthermore, the differentiation of obsessions from related psychopathological phenomena is insufficient and a conceptual and empirical effort in this domain is required in the future.

IntroductionObsessive phenomena, when present, are usually seen in the depressive phase of bipolar disorder.ObjectivesThe peculiar case with aggravation in ruminative and obsessive thinking with simultaneous hypomania may widen our understanding of the phenomenology of antidepressant induced hypomanic symptoms.MethodsWe present a case of ruminative hypomania induced by high dose venlafaxine. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) were used for symptom ratings.ResultsThe patient was 30 years old and she had treatment history of depression for 3 months. She had two consecutive suicide attempts with drugs in the week before she was hospitalized for suicidal risk. She was using venlafaxine 300 mg/day and olanzapin 2,5 mg/day; continuous ruminative thinking about the past and imaginary sexual affairs with former friends were apparent with an unremitting pattern, leading to intense psychomotor agitation and suicide attempts. Irritable mood, and increased energy was observed with continuous ruminations. She was diagnosed with bipolar-II-disorder, with mixed features and anxious distress (YMRS:17, HAM-D:22, YBOCS:34). After discontinuing venlafaxine and starting anti-manic treatment with haloperidol 10 mg/day in the first week, both affective symptoms and ruminations were improved (YMRS:2, HAM-D:4, YBOCS:8). Aripiprazol 20 mg/day and quetiapine 100 mg/day which were given for continuation treatment were also effective for preserving full remission.ConclusionsWhen prescribing high dose venlafaxine for treatment resistant depression, it should be remembered that this may induce hypomanic symptoms and prominent ruminative thinking which can be ameliorated with anti-manic treatment.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Phubbing is an increasingly common behavior that involves using a smartphone in a social setting of two or more people and interacting with the phone rather than with the other people. Research to date on phubbing has measured it using different scales or single questions, and therefore standard measures with appropriate psychometric properties are needed to improve its assessment. The aim of our study was to develop a Spanish version of the Phubbing Scale and to examine its psychometric properties: factor structure, reliability, and concurrent validity. Participants were 759 Spanish adults between 18 and 68 years of age. They completed an online survey. The results support a structure that is consistent with the original validation study, with two factors: Communication Disturbance and Phone Obsession. Internal consistency was found to be adequate. Evidence of concurrent validity was provided via a hierarchical regression model that showed positive associations with measures of internet addiction, Facebook intrusion, and fear of missing out. These results indicate that the Spanish version of the Phubbing Scale exhibits appropriate psychometric properties.

Pathological phubbing behavior has become an increasingly prevalent issue in recent years yet research surrounding these technological concerns remains scarce. The current study seeks to contribute to this limited body of research by providing insight into the antecedents of excessive and severe phubbing behavior and potential risk factors of pathological technology use as a whole. 938 undergraduate students participated in a cross-sectional study to determine whether demographic variables, personality traits, and degrees of social media addiction and fear of missing out could explain phubbing behavior. Participants responded to a survey that included the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMO), Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), and Phubbing Scale (Phubbing). Bivariate correlations identified that BSMAS and FoMO were significantly positively correlated with phubbing while TIPI displayed a significantly negative correlation with phubbing. Further, hierarchical multiple regression analyses established that BSMAS holds the most predictive power for phubbing while FoMO displayed a significantly less robust predictive power. TIPI was shown to be significant but served less to explain the variance in phubbing behaviors.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions and compulsions that differ significantly across patients. Lesser known, harm-related obsessions (i.e., fears of harming others or oneself; harm OCD) can present in varying ways and are often misidentified-even by professionals-compared to more \"prototypical\" contamination obsessions. The present study surveyed a sample of professionals (registered psychologists, general practitioners; n = 73), doctoral psychology students (n = 92), and medical students (n = 143), gathering diagnostic impressions and risk judgements for one of several harm OCD vignettes (i.e., fears of harming one's infant, of smothering one's partner, of blurting an insult, or of completing suicide) as well as a contamination OCD vignette. Harm OCD (76%) was significantly less likely to be identified than contamination OCD (97%) through open-ended identification. Further, professionals and doctoral psychology students were significantly better able to identify harm OCD than MD students, and characters with harm OCD were perceived as more likely to harm others compared to those with contamination OCD. The current findings support the need for accurate media representation of the varying OCD presentations, as well as improvement in OCD medical education. Les troubles obsessionnels compulsifs (TOC) se caractérisent par des obsessions et des compulsions qui diffèrent considérablement d'un patient à l'autre. Moins connues, les obsessions de blessure (c'est-à-dire la crainte de se blesser ou de blesser les autres; TOC de blessure) peuvent se présenter de différentes manières et sont souvent mal identifiées - même par les professionnels - par rapport aux obsessions de contamination plus « prototypiques ». La présente étude a porté sur un échantillon de professionnels (psychologues agréés, médecins généralistes; n = 73), d'étudiants au doctorat en psychologie (n = 92) et d'étudiants en médecine (n = 143), qui ont recueilli des impressions diagnostiques et des jugements de risque pour l'une de plusieurs vignettes de TOC de blessure (c'est-à-dire la peur de faire du mal à son enfant, d'étouffer son partenaire, de proférer une insulte ou de se suicider) ainsi que pour une vignette de TOC de contamination. Le TOC de blessure (76%) était nettement moins susceptible d'être identifié que le TOC de contamination (97%) par l'entremise d'une identification ouverte. En outre, les professionnels et les étudiants au doctorat en psychologie étaient nettement plus en mesure d'identifier le TOC de blessure que les étudiants en médecine, et les personnes souffrant de TOC de blessure étaient perçus comme plus susceptibles de faire du mal à autrui que ceux souffrant de TOC de contamination. Les résultats actuels confirment la nécessité d'une représentation médiatique précise des différentes formes de TOC, ainsi que d'une amélioration de l'enseignement médical sur les TOC. Public Significance Statement Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an often misunderstood psychiatric condition, with vastly different symptom presentations across individuals. The current research article highlights the difficulties that health professionals and trainees have in identifying less popularized presentations of OCD (i.e., harm OCD) that are highly prevalent but less represented in the media and educational materials compared to more \"classical\" presentations (i.e., Contamination OCD). Participants had more stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals with harm OCD (i.e., perceived dangerousness), which combined with greater rates of misidentification, represent significant barriers for treatment seeking.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of entrepreneurial passion, specifically venture obsession, in agentic relationships within entrepreneurial contexts. It aims to develop a new conceptualization of the role of the venture in these relationships and explore the negative impacts that can arise from the obsessive passion for the venture. The paper contributes to the literature by shedding light on the complexities of agency outside of large for-profit firms, unpacking components of self-interest in the agentic relationship and challenging the assumption that entrepreneurial passion is always beneficial for both the entrepreneur and the venture.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs theoretical framework development and conceptual mapping to explore the role of entrepreneurial passion, specifically venture obsession, in agentic relationships within entrepreneurial contexts. We conducted a comprehensive literature review and synthesis of existing research on agency theory, entrepreneurial passion and venture obsession. By integrating these insights, we developed a new conceptual framework that theorizes the negative impacts of venture obsession on agentic relationships and venture performance. This approach allows us to propose a nuanced model that highlights the complexities and potential maladaptive behaviors associated with obsessive passion in entrepreneurship.FindingsVenture obsession can have detrimental outcomes, such as escalation of commitment and ignoring external feedback, due to the intense focus on protecting the venture at all costs.Originality/valueThe study highlights the impact of venture obsession on agentic relationships, emphasizing the balance between autonomy, competence and relatedness that entrepreneurs strive to maintain for their well-being. While previous research has explored the role of entrepreneurial passion and its effects on venture performance, this study extends the understanding by delving into the darker side of passion when it transforms into obsessive agency. By emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy balance in agentic relationships and considering the psychological well-being of entrepreneurs, this study adds nuance and depth to the existing knowledge on the subject.

Resumé : Cet article explore la jalousie dans Passion Simple (1991) et L’Occupation (2002) d’Annie Ernaux, où la narratrice vit une obsession qui distord sa perception d’elle-même et des autres. À travers sa quête pour identifier “ l’autre femme”, Ernaux révèle l’irrationalité de ce sentiment et son impact sur les relations et l’identité. L’écriture devient un moyen de traiter et de comprendre cette obsession, tout en remettant en question les normes patriarcales qui façonnent l’identité féminine. La jalousie, dans ce contexte, est présentée comme un phénomène psychologique qui déstructure la réalité et l’interaction humaine.