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Introduction : Sex estimation is an important step in developing a biological profile. Teeth are one of the most durable physical elements in the human body and thus can be used very successfully for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to determine sex differences in odontometric dimensions of maxillary and mandibular molars in Bulgarians. Materials and methods : The study included 232 healthy subjects (121 males, 111 females) of Bulgarian origin in the age group of 20–40 years, with fully erupted, periodontal disease free, caries free, non-worn teeth. Vestibulolingual, mesiodistal and cervicoincisal (coronal height) dimensions of maxillary and mandibular molars were measured by Dentistry Sliding Vernier Caliper, Ridge Mapping Caliper Type A and Type B and analyzed with SPSS 23.0. The level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results : Cervicoincisal dimensions in both maxillary and mandibular molars, except for the maxillary left second molars, were significantly higher in males compared to females. Similar statistically significant differences were found in mesiodistal dimensions in first molars from both jaws. Vestibulolingual dimensions in both maxillary and mandibular first molars and mandibular second molars were significantly higher in males compared to females as well. Conclusions : The results of our measurements exhibited statistically significant sex differences in both maxillary and mandibular molars in people of Bulgarian origin. In accordance with similar odontometric studies, molars may successfully differentiate both sexes and thus determine the need for further investigations in this field.

Stature is the height of an individual in an upright position. It is one of the key characteristics, which helps in defining any individual. Stature estimation is needed mostly in medicolegal cases where only a limited number of human fragments are left for forensic analysis. The teeth provide essential measurements that can be used to determine stature. The aim of the study is to find out whether the second maxillary interpremolar distance can be used to effectively estimate stature of individuals. For the study, the sample size taken was 60 (30 male and 30 females), and their second maxillary interpremolar distance was measured using a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (23), followed by linear regression. For male: Y = 178.65 − 1.09X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.05, For female: Y = 169.30 − 1.99X, correlation coefficient, r = 0.13. Since r < 0.2, there is no correlation between the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar and the stature. From our study, we conclude that the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar cannot be a reliable parameter for stature estimation in both genders.

Introduction: Forensic odontology is one of the most unexplored and captivated branches of forensic sciences. Teeth are far excellent material for the anthropological, genetic, odontogenic, and forensic scenario as the morphology of teeth remains unchanged in extreme environmental conditions even after a long period. Aim and Objectives: The study aims to determine the sex of an individual by odontometric diagonal measurements using discriminant function. The objectives are to measure and compare the diagonal measurements of teeth in males and females using crown diagonal diameters of the permanent dentition and to evaluate their sexual dimorphism. Material and Methods: The study sample included 380 maxillary and mandibular dental casts obtained by alginate impressions of 190 subjects (95 males and 95 females) in the age range of 19-35 years selected from Out patient department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Mesiolabioincisal-distolinguoincisal (MBDL) and distolabioincisal-mesiolinguoincisal (DBML) measurements of right permanent maxillary and mandibular teeth excluding third molars were taken separately using a digital Vernier caliper. Results: The highest mean tooth dimension of MBDL and DBML in both the jaws is of the first molar. The accuracy rate for males (100% for MBDL and 97.89% for DBML) is greater than females (MBDL 93.68% and DBML 94.21%). The overall accuracy rate of maxillary and mandibular MBDL is greater (96.8%) than DBML measurement (95.8% and 94.8%, respectively). Conclusion: The overall accuracy rate for sex determination is 96.8% for MBDL dimensions. The maxillary and mandibular second premolars are the strongest predictors for sex determination.

ABSTRACT In forensic, odontologic, genetic, and anthropological aspects, odontometric and osteologic features have long been a valuable source. The goal of this research was to correlate both the osteologic and odontometric characteristics to determine the most accurate approach for determining gender. A retrospective study involving 1000 adults, with equal gender distribution, was carried out utilizing digital panoramic radiography. The archives were searched for radiographic images of the subjects that were procured for the various procedures that ranged from implantations to rehabilitations. The measurement process was carried out with Image-Pro. There was a noticeable gender difference in the mesodistal breadth, which ranged from 17 to 47. Asymmetry of the lower jaw was considerable in both genders, as was gender variance in osseologic characteristics including ramus diameter and gonial angle. The two groups of attributes exhibited a substantial positive predictive value and thus can be used indetermining gender.

Context: The establishment of a correlation between tooth dimensions and body size is crucial within the realm of forensic odontology. While numerous investigations have focused on the association between tooth morphology or width and stature, limited reports exist regarding the correlation between overall body structure or build and odontogenic parameters. This study focuses on finding a correlation between inter-arch dimensions and the body build of an individual. Aims: This study aimed to examine the potential correlation between an individual's somatotype (body build) and the measurements of inter-canine and inter-premolar maxillary arch widths. Study Settings: Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods and Material: The sample size of the study was 153 individuals aged 18-25 years. Impressions for the maxillary arch were taken, study models were made and inter-arch measurements were taken using a digital Vernier calliper. For body build measurements, Heath-Carter somatotype measuring technique was used. The collected data were entered into an Excel sheet, and statistical analysis was done. Statistical Analysis Used: Principal component analysis. Results: On using principal component analysis, it was seen that there exists no correlation between body build of an individual when compared to inter-canine and inter-premolar distances. Conclusions: While no positive correlation has been seen between the odontometric parameters and specific body type, it can be argued that this can be due to the cited limitations of the study. Hence, we conclude with the note that a more detailed study would offer more viable and credible results.

Dental forensics forms a vital branch of forensic science which deals with proper handling, examination and evaluation of dental evidences for identification of victims of crime, accidents or calamities. Therefore skull and teeth often provide the identification material. The aim of the study was to investigate the accuracy of odontometric methods in sex determination of permanent teeth and to compute new formula to differentiate male and female teeth using discriminant function analysis for South Indian population. A total of 100 subjects were selected for the study from a parent population of 4800 students by simple random sampling method. Alginate impressions of the upper dental arch were made and casts were poured immediately. A digital vernier calliper was used for the measurement of all upper anteriors. Twelve different tooth measurements were recorded and from those two indexes have been computed. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 17.0 software. All the predictor variables were subjected to stepwise discriminant function analysis which optimally separates the genders and a best discriminant function was generated. In all the observed mean dimensions, male values exceed the female values. Student's ‘ t’ test for the different predictor variables of all teeth selected between male and females were found significant ( p < 0.05). Very high significance was found in mean MD of 11, 12 and 13 and | c| of 23. The variables exhibiting best discriminant powers were mesiodistal width of both upper central incisors, DB–ML of 13 and canine crown module of 13. Sexual dimorphism in the size of permanent teeth differs from one population to the other and hence the standards set for one population could not be applied for another population. Hence this technique would be a simple, quick, cost effective, reliable and accurate for sex determination.

Introduction: Stature is the height of a person in the upright posture. Based upon the principle that the various long bones correlate positively with stature, stature correlation to skull and jaw dimensions has been frequently reported among various populations. Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of predicting the height of an individual using selected odontometric parameters as a forensic tool. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 100 randomly selected subjects. Measurements of maxillary intercanine width (IC), maxillary interpremolar width (IP), and mesiodistal width of six permanent maxillary anterior teeth (CW) were made directly on the subject by means of a digital vernier caliper. Height (H) of patients was measured with anthropometer. Results: Significant correlation was observed between height and maxillary IC width (P < 0.05), whereas correlation between height and the combined width of six anterior teeth as well as IP width was found to be nonsignificant. Conclusion: The maxillary IC width can be used successfully to calculate the stature of an individual from fragmentary remains.

Improvements of existing and development of new non-contact measurement techniques, especially for surfaces of complex spatial shape, allow involvement of various disciplines into advanced technological reality. These improvements have two major directions. The first, being more obvious, refers to introduction of accurate digital 3D images in spheres where real objects have become subjects of traditional study, techniques or manufacturing technologies. The other direction deals with substantial methodological improvements, as they become possible only with introduction of the above-mentioned techniques. Among such is the division of physical anthropology, of dentistry and other disciplines related to dental studies, – odontometry, or measurements of teeth. Traditional odontometry, by turning into automated digital odontometry, becomes a method of accurate and objective morphological assessments in dentistry and anthropology, including palaeoanthropology. As a new method, automated digital odontometry requires interpretations of dental morphology (applicable in digital techniques), accurate 3D images of teeth and software based on 3D and 2D image analysis suitable for automated measurements. The mentioned factors are particularly important for this method due to its inapplicability on real objects. Thus various approaches to obtaining digital images are discussed in the context of their quality and conformity with the studied material and odontometric technique, which currently includes automated orientation algorithms setting locations for principal morphological structures and measurement algorithms themselves, likewise functioning in an automated mode.

The dentition's use in sex assessment has been explored and advocated owing to its strength and resistance to peri- and postmortem insults. Among the teeth, canines have shown the greatest sexual dimorphism; they are also known for greater resistance to pathological alterations and trauma. These factors have prompted some researchers to explore its use alone in sex prediction. Specifically the mandibular canine index (MCI), which is the ratio of the mesiodistal (MD) dimension of the lower right canine and the inter-canine arch width, was developed by Rao et al. [Forensic Sci. Int. 42 (1989) 249–254] who predicted sex correctly in ∼86% of cases in a South Indian sample. These results were verified subsequently by other Indian researchers, both on southern and on northern Indians, although such success rates were not apparent in another South-Asian population as well as a European group. The present study re-examined the method in 203 Indians (103 males, 100 females) of age 19–32 years who originated from diverse states of the country, constituting all major religious and caste affiliations, and found relatively low sex estimation accuracy using the MCI (∼51%). This is in spite of the MD dimension of canines as well as inter-canine arch width – the absolute measurements used for deriving the MCI – showing statistically significant sex differences ( p < 0.05); also, the application of multivariate statistics, viz. logistic regression analysis, revealed higher accuracy levels of sex estimation for the absolute measurements (∼62–66%) vis-à-vis the MCI (∼50%). The results herein reinforce recent observations that ratios obtained from teeth, such as the MCI, do not reflect sexual dimorphism that may be present in absolute measurements. Furthermore, we believe that the basis for using MCI as a sex assessment tool is questionable, since it depends on the levels of sexual dimorphism between the absolute dimensions—low sexual dimorphism in one (e.g. MD measurement of canines) and proportionately high sexual differences in the other (e.g. inter-canine arch width), or vice versa, would lead to higher sex estimation accuracy of the MCI; on the other hand, relatively equal levels of sexual dimorphism in both would negate the ability of the MCI to accurately estimate sex. These suggest that the MCI has little utility in sex estimation and that its application should be restricted, if not discontinued altogether, in forensic and anthropological sex prediction.