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Sharing our lives online : risks and exposure in social media
\"Most of us know someone who has inadvertently revealed something shameful or embarrassing online about themselves or someone else. With the growth of social media like Facebook and Twitter, we are heading towards a radically open society. In exploring this phenomenon, David R. Brake first provides an overview of the harms that can be posed by unwary social media use - not just for children but for all of us, young or old. He then draws on in-depth interviews, a range of related theories of human behaviour and a wealth of other studies to analyse why this happens. He explains in detail the social, technological and commercial influences and pressures that keep us posting what we should not and stop us fully appreciating the risks when we do so. This is an invaluable book for students, parents, policy-makers and any social media user. \"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
The Effectiveness of an Intervention to Promote Awareness and Reduce Online Risk Behavior in Early Adolescence
The current study explored the effect of a school-based intervention on online risk awareness and behavior in order to shed light on a relatively unexplored field with high practical relevance. More than 800 Belgium primary school children (grade 4 and 6) were assessed at two measurements (
n
T1 = 812, 51.2 % female;
n
T2 = 819, 51.3 % female) before and after the intervention. Half of them received a 10 min classroom intervention indicating online risks. Children in the control group received a 10 min presentation concerning online applications without any emphasis on risks. Children in the intervention group were more likely to be aware of online risks directly after the intervention; this effect was still noticeable 4 months after. Reporting of online risk behavior in the intervention group was also higher compared to the control group who did not receive the intervention. Overall online risk awareness and online risk behavior were negatively associated and the awareness did not modulate the association between the intervention and online risk behavior. Furthermore, individual differences were assessed. Girls were more likely to be aware of online risks and asserted less online risk behavior than boys were. In line with the imperative in adolescence to become more risk taking, children in a higher grade were more likely to behave in a risky manner when online. The current study provides a valuable starting point for further research on how to decrease online risk behavior in early adolescence.
Journal Article
A Model of Online Protection to Reduce Children’s Online Risk Exposure: Empirical Evidence From Asia
Children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to potential risks that come with such easy accessibility. Learning how to be safe online is an important consideration for both children and their caregivers. The present study proposes an integrated model of online safety based on constructs from protection motivation theory and the health belief model, namely perceived severity of (and susceptibility to) risk, online self-efficacy, online privacy concern, and digital literacy. The study comprised a survey conducted among 420 schoolchildren aged 9–16 years. Using partial least squares-structural equation modelling, the results illustrated the presence of a negative effect of ‘perceived severity of online risk’ toward online risks, whereas the effect of ‘digital literacy’ was found to be positive. Children whose perception of online risks was more severe were less exposed to online risks if they had higher ‘online privacy concerns’ than the children with higher ‘digital literacy’ who are more exposed to online risk. Results of the study show that engaging in safe online behaviour requires children to have a high perception regarding severity of online risks as well as knowledge of online privacy concerns. Online risks and opportunities occur in parallel. Consequently, the factors that increase or decrease risk may also increase or decrease the benefits.
Journal Article
EXPLORING PARENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON ONLINE SEXUAL RISKS AND HARM
Parents have a central role in mediating and teaching children about different risks. Parental awareness and beliefs significantly influence their prevention efforts. While the existing literature demonstrates that parents tend to be less aware of the different online risks children encounter, there is a considerable gap in understanding the intricacies of parental perception of both risks and harm. This study explores parental perspectives on online sexual risks and harm. Data were collected from 22 parents during focus group interviews (n=6) combined with activity-oriented questions. The findings suggest that parents perceive (the presence of) risk as something related to either parenting or specific child-related characteristics. Also, the level of harm was related to the presence of the childâs (sexual) agency. According to parents, children with a sexual agency are less likely to be harmed than those without sexual agency. The study provides new considerations to inform policy responses and education program design.
Journal Article
How Does Online Engagement Drive Consumers' Webrooming Intention?: A Moderated-Mediation Approach
Based on the cognitive-motivational-relational (CMR) theory, this study empirically investigates the mechanisms through which consumers' online engagement impacts their channel switching intention. The present study examines the mediating effects of perceived value and the ways in which these mediating effects are moderated by online risk perception. Data were collected from 428 online Indian consumers using systematic random sampling. The results of the structural and process macro analyses indicated that consumer online engagement has a significant impact on consumer online search benefits which in turn leads to webrooming intention. Also, perceived value mediated the effects of online search benefits and offline purchase benefits on webrooming intention. The results advance the theory of CMR by explaining consumer channel switching behaviour and are expected to help multi-channel retailers to identify the key drivers that help engage consumers online.
Journal Article
Adolescents’ Exposure to Online Risks: Gender Disparities and Vulnerabilities Related to Online Behaviors
In the last decade, readily available electronic devices have created unprecedented opportunities for teens to access a wide variety of information and media–both positive and negative–on the internet. Despite the increasing number of initiatives taking place worldwide intended to assess and mitigate the online risks encountered by children and adolescents, there is still a need for a better understanding of how adolescents use the internet and their susceptibility to exposure to risks in the online space. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of a convenience sample of 733 8th and 9th grade students in Utah. The survey contained eight questions regarding students’ exposure to three types of online risk scenarios: content risk, contact risk, and criminal risk. Independent variables included students’ online behaviors, use of social media and private messaging apps, and adult supervision of online activities. Logistic and negative binomial regression models indicated that gender, social media use, and chatting with strangers were associated with exposure to multiple risky online scenarios. Our results provide critical information to educators involved in the development of initiatives focusing on the reduction of youth online risk by identifying correlates of risky online events, allowing them to tailor their initiatives to meet the needs of potentially vulnerable populations.
Journal Article
Modeling adolescent online risk-taking through digital literacy and parental mediation in Indonesia
Indonesia’s rapidly expanding digital ecosystem poses significant challenges for adolescent online safety, particularly within contexts where family guidance may intersect with community-based norms and governance structures. Although digital literacy and parental mediation have each been linked to adolescents’ online risk outcomes, their combined associations remain underexplored in non-Western settings. This study examined the associations among adolescents’ digital literacy, parental mediation strategies, and online risk-taking behaviour across three Indonesian urban contexts (Bali, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta). Using cross-sectional survey data from 894 adolescents aged 13–18 years and structural equation modelling, we tested direct and indirect pathways linking digital literacy to online risk-taking through enabling and restrictive parental mediation. Digital literacy was assessed across operational, informational, communication, and safety competencies, while online risk-taking followed the 4Cs framework. Results indicated that higher digital literacy was associated with lower online risk-taking both directly and indirectly through enabling (discussion-based) parental mediation, whereas restrictive mediation showed minimal association with risk outcomes. Multi-group analyses further suggested site-level variation in pathway strengths across locations, highlighting the potential role of contextual influences on digital parenting processes. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening adolescent digital literacy alongside parent-focused enabling mediation strategies, while recognising that locally responsive approaches may be needed to support adolescent online safety across diverse Indonesian settings.
Journal Article
Cyberbullies, the Cyberbullied, and Problematic Internet Use: Some Reasonable Similarities
The spread of the internet and Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have completely changed society in the last few decades. The transfer of traditional face-to-face bullying to the virtual environment is one of the risks adolescents face in this new reality. The present study sought to explore the relationship between involvement in cyberbullying and behaviours such as internet and mobile usage and other risky online behaviours.
The sample consisted of 3,188 adolescents aged 12-17 years old (Mean= 14.44; SD= 1.67).
The application of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) found that 5.2% were victims, 4.5% perpetrators and 4.3% bully-victims.
Results also showed that cyberbullying seems to be associated with both Problematic Internet Use and behaviours such as sexting, gambling and contacting strangers, which suggests a need for a comprehensive approach for preventing all these issues. Moreover, parental monitoring could serve as a modulating factor, which should also be taken into account in the development of appropriate prevention strategies.
Journal Article
The Role of Online Communication in Long-Term Cyberbullying Involvement Among Girls and Boys
Digital media, especially mobile communication technologies, enable adolescents to explore and experiment with each other with only limited adult control. Conflicts between peers can be easily staged since nearly everybody can be reached at any time under the radar of authorities. Therefore, involvement in conflicts and bullying might depend on how adolescents use and behave online. In the present study, we provide a comprehensive picture of the role aspects of online communication play in long-term involvement in cyberbullying. We focused on a gender-specific perspective, as girls and boys were found to differ not only according to their online communication but also in their cyberbullying involvement. Using a two-wave panel survey of 1817 adolescents between 13 and 17 years (56 % female), we found that girls’ cyberbullying involvement (perpetration and victimization) could be traced back to more intensive online social activities and a higher amount of online contact with strangers. In contrast, for boys, only higher exposure to antisocial media content predicted higher levels of victimization over time. The findings indicate that certain patterns of online communication increase the cyberbullying risk over time. However, it needs to be noted that these risk factors vary between girls and boys.
Journal Article
Social media use, risk behavior engagement, and mental health among middle adolescents in the Caribbean
Background
Social media plays a pivotal role in adolescents’ lives. Social media encounters, including online risk behaviors, may influence real-world risk behaviors and mental health. This study explored the magnitude and patterns of social media use, risk behaviors, and mental health among boys and girls and examined associations between these factors.
Methods
A survey was administered to Grade 9 students in New Providence, The Bahamas, in 2023 to assess their social media use, including platforms used, online activities, and experiences of online risk behavior, as well as their risk behavior engagement and mental health. We analyzed data from 1,563 students using generalized linear mixed models.
Results
Two-thirds of the students spent three hours or more on social media daily. Online risk behaviors, such as cyberbullying and sexting (sending, receiving, or forwarding sexually explicit messages), were also prevalent. Approximately 48% had suicidal ideation during their lifetime. Girls reported higher rates of social media usage, active and passive engagement on social media, cyberbullying experiences, and mental health issues, while boys were more likely to engage in sexting and offline risk behaviors. Factors associated with suicidal ideation included being female, experiencing sexting or cyberbullying, using X, and engaging in risk behaviors such as inappropriate touching and weapon carrying.
Conclusions
Future studies should clarify the complex interplay among the content consumed by adolescents, their online activities, and gender-specific effects on mental health. This study highlights the need for programs that can both foster a positive and supportive online environment and provide targeted assistance for victims of online harm.
Journal Article