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Conventional wisdom says that social solidarity in the Western world is crumbling. The trends of individualization and globalization are said to erode the willingness of citizens to support each other and to cooperate for the common good. Sticking Together or Falling Apart: Solidarity in an Era of Individualization and Globalization scrutinizes these claims, both theoretically and empirically. It focuses on informal solidarity, such as volunteering, charitable giving, and informal care, as well as on formal solidarity, such as social benefits and development aid. The book examines the theoretical arguments that increasing competition and capital flows between countries and growing selfishness of modern citizens hurt social solidarity. Empirically, it is the first thorough study of international comparative data on solidarity, globalization and individualization, leading to the conclusion that, overall, solidarity is rising rather than declining. The impact of globalization and individualization is much more ambiguous than is often contended. While particular aspects of globalization and individualization might harm solidarity, other elements foster solidarity instead.

This paper surveys measures of economic openness, the latter being understood as the degree to which non-domestic actors can or do participate in a domestic economy. Based on the existing literature, the authors introduce a typology of openness indicators, which distinguishes between ‘real’ and ‘financial’ openness as well as ‘de-facto’ and ‘de-jure’ measures of openness. They use data collected on these indicators to analyze trends in openness over time and to conduct a correlation analysis across indicators. Finally, they illustrate the potential consequences of employing different openness measures in a growth regression framework.

Research Summary: Strategic openness—firms voluntary forfeiting of control over resources—seemingly challenges the premise of the resource-based view (RBV), which posits that firms should control valuable, rare, and inimitable (VRI) resources. We reconcile this apparent paradox by formalizing whether and when firms—consisting of resource bundles and deriving competitive advantage from exploiting selected VRI resources—may maximize profitability by opening parts of their resource base. As such, our article refines RBV-related thinking while supporting the theory's core tenets. Notably, we illustrate how a common-pool resource can become a source of competitive advantage and how firms may use openness to shape inter-firm competition. Managerial Summary: Conventional wisdom holds that firms must control scarce and valuable resources to obtain competitive advantage. That being said, over the past decade, many firms—among them Computer Associates, IBM, and Nokia—embarked on open strategies and made parts of their valuable resources available for free. These decisions pose an obvious conundrum, which we solve in our article. We use a mathematical model, grounded in principles of the resource-based view, to show why and under what conditions open strategies will succeed. Firms significantly improve their performance when (a) opening resources reduces their cost base while (b) strongly increasing demand for their still-proprietary resource(s). We also explain how openness can reshape markets by weakening competitors, particularly in highly rivalrous environments.

The relationship between trade openness and economic growth has been extensively investigated yielding to mixed and inconclusive results. This might be attributed to the omission of the role of capital stock and labor in the trade-growth nexus. This paper examines the impact of trade openness on economic growth for Cote d'Ivoire over the period 1965-2014 in a multivariate framework including capital stock, labor and trade openness as regressors. It uses the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds test to cointegration and the Toda and Yamamoto Granger causality tests. The results show that trade openness has positive effects on economic growth both in the short and long run. Furthermore, they reveal a positive and strong complementary relationship between trade openness and capital formation in promoting economic growth.

Environmental degradation has become an important issue for countries worldwide due to increase in carbon emission in recent years. It is an important concern for countries to achieve environmental sustainability; however, the debate on the role of innovation and institutions in environmental sustainability is still not adequate. There is a lack of understanding as to how countries can achieve higher economic growth as well to protect the quality of environment. Innovation is considered as effective tools as it enhances energy efficiency and cleaner production, which in turn lowers carbon emission. Quality institutions have also been considered as it enhances the quality of environment. Consequently, this study investigates trade openness, innovation and quality institutions in environmental sustainability in 176 countries of the world. By employing OLS regression, fixed effect and generalized method of moments, the results show that trade openness, renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment are negatively associated with carbon emission, whereas most of institutional quality indicators significantly contribute to environmental sustainability; however, it is still below the desired level to enhance the quality of environment. Innovation positively and innovation square negatively affect carbon emission. Our analysis also confirms the existence of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and pollution halo hypothesis. The findings suggest policy makers on further improvement of trade policies, innovations, promotions of political and legal institutions and promotion of renewable energy sources to cope with environmental sustainability.

Primarily, the current study seeks to explore the influence of financial development, economic growth, trade openness, non-renewable and renewable energy utilization on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in Pakistan from 1990 to 2017. The findings of structural break unit root tests indicated that a few variables are stationary at the level and others integrated at the first difference. The bound F-test and Johansen cointegration tests confirmed the evidence that a long-run relationship exists among concerned variables. The long-run results explore that financial development and renewable energy penetration significantly accelerate the environmental quality, while economic growth, non-renewable energy utilization, and trade openness are responsible for deteriorating the environmental quality. The results from the short-run estimate explore that non-renewable energy utilization and trade openness significantly reduce the environmental quality while renewable energy sources are beneficial for environmental quality. Moreover, the current study discovered the unidirectional Granger causality relationship from economic growth, trade openness, non-renewable and renewable energy penetration to carbon emission in Pakistan. The outcomes of this study provide some insightful policy suggestions to overcome the detrimental effect of environmental degradation.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate whether openness to receive and openness to share knowledge drive employees to share knowledge with colleagues in the workplace. The authors also investigate what, if any, influence knowledge sharing has on performance at both individual and work unit levels. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 237 employees from eight banks in Kuwait. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test the hypotheses. Findings The knowledge receiver’s openness to receive and openness to share knowledge influence the provider’s knowledge-sharing behavior. The latter positively affects the provider’s job performance and the work unit’s innovation performance. Furthermore, knowledge utilization strengthens knowledge sharing’s positive effect on work unit innovation. Research limitations/implications The findings of this study are industry and country specific and, therefore, would likely not be applicable to other settings. Thus, similar future research targeting different industries and/or countries is warranted. As a cross-sectional study, this research can also benefit from subsequent longitudinal studies. Practical implications Organizations should create a culture conducive to sharing knowledge. For example, managers should assure employees that knowledge shared with coworkers will be well received and utilized, remove barriers to new knowledge utilization and create awareness among employees that sharing knowledge benefits knowledge providers as well as knowledge providers. Originality/value The authors provide evidence of how the knowledge receiver’s openness to receive and to share knowledge affect the provider’s knowledge sharing. The authors also provide insights into how knowledge sharing drives job performance and innovation.

This paper evaluates the link between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism arrivals, trade openness, and carbon dioxide emissions in the European Union (EU-28). As an econometric strategy, the research uses panel data. In the first step, we apply the unit root test, and the results demonstrated that the variables used in this study are integrated I (1) in the first difference. In the second step, we apply the Pedroni cointegration test, and Kao Residual cointegration test, and we observe that the variables are cointegrated in the long run. The panel fully modified least squares (FMOLS), panel dynamic least squares (DOLS), and generalized moments system (GMM-System) estimator are considered in this research. The econometric results proved that trade openness and renewable energy decreased climate change and environmental degradation. The empirical study also found a positive effect of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, tourism arrivals are negatively correlated with carbon dioxide emissions, showing sustainability practices of the tourism sector on the environment. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions in the long run present a positive impact, indicating that climate change increases. In this study, we also consider the recent methodology of Dumitrescu–Hurlin to observe the causality and the relationship between renewable energy, trade openness, economic growth, tourism arrivals, and carbon dioxide emissions.

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy, and achieving high-quality agricultural development is an important support for strong economic development in the post-pandemic era. Based on the new development philosophy of the Chinese government, this study constructs an evaluation framework of “innovation-coordination-green-openness-sharing” for high-quality agricultural development, and quantitatively assesses the level of high-quality agricultural development in China's Yangtze River Economic Belt with a systematic integration model, and explores the spatial evolution characteristics and obstacles of the level of high-quality agricultural development in Yangtze River Economic Belt. It reveals that the level of high-quality agricultural development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt shows a fluctuating upward trend in general, but there is variability among regions. The green dimension has the fastest development rate, followed by innovation and sharing. In terms of spatial characteristics, it gradually shows a pattern dominated by high levels and shows the characteristics of agglomeration, but the spatial correlation is not high. In terms of obstacle factors, openness and coordination are the main obstacle factors. Considering the different agricultural development models, it is suggested that international cooperation, new agricultural cooperation, and differentiated policies can be considered to promote high-quality agricultural development. This study provides a more complete evaluation framework for government policy-making authorities to measure the level of regional agricultural development and help regional agriculture achieve sustainable development at a higher quality level.