Explore the vast range of titles available.

To access the passive optical network, total link loss is a major concern. An upcoming challenge is to minimize upstream and downstream losses to increase the link power budget. Homogeneous multicore fiber offers the possibility to minimize the link losses without significantly adding multiple feeder fibers. This paper demonstrates the first trench-assisted 19-core homogenous multicore fiber, utilizing a single splitter/combiner at each end of multicore fiber (MCF) to eliminate upstream and downstream losses. The various applications can be realized in various segments of optical communication, including terrestrial, submarine, and access networks. Today’s communication access networks are very price-sensitive and very space-sensitive. So using MCF in bidirectional transmission gives an outstanding reduction of total link loss that is almost 18 dB less as compared to standard single-mode fiber in optical access networks with the least amount of satisfactory inter-core crosstalk.

As the necessity for critical network operations has grown dramatically, security concerns with optical access networks are becoming increasingly important. This study evaluates the security of self-protected long-distance 10 Gbps Ethernet passive optical networks (10G-EPON), which aims at solving some of the limitations of both networks and offers a creative, robust alternative. In accordance with the institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE 802.3 av) requirements series, the solution permits secure mutual identification and key management In an optical distribution network (ODN), optical line terminals (OLTs) are connected to optical network units (ONUs). 10G-EPON with full services can provide consumers with effective gigabit transmission with ensured quality of service (QoS) in a variety of FTTx situations (fiber-to-the-premises/node/curb/business/users/home). The only equipment it uses is passive, with the exception of the central office and customer facilities. A secure 10G-EPON network with an optimum link distance of 75 km can support 32 splitting ratio with an optimum level of BER roughly 10 −9 and a minimal allowable quality factor of 6. The optimum distance link between optical successive network design terminals is 20 km as per IEEE 802.3 av specification. 10G-EPON can transmit data at symmetric 10 Gbps upstream (U/S) and downstream (D/S) with a minimum permissible receiving sensitivity of −34.6 dB for direction of U/S and −32 dBm for direction of D/S.

As optical access networks continue to evolve toward higher capacity, longer reach, and increased user density, accurately predicting transmission performance has become increasingly complex. Conventional physics-based models often struggle to capture the nonlinear and stochastic behavior of modern passive optical networks (PONs), particularly under diverse operating conditions. In this study, a hybrid deep learning (DL) framework is proposed for the prediction of key performance indicators, including Q-factor, receiver sensitivity, and bit error rate (BER), in asymmetric 160/80 Gbps TWDM-PON systems, which is the target capacity by ITU-T G.989.1 specifications. The proposed approach integrates Gradient Boosting Regression and Multi-Layer Perceptron models within an ensemble learning structure to enhance robustness and predictive accuracy. A synthetic dataset comprising 1000 samples was generated to emulate realistic transmission scenarios with variations in distance, power level, and noise conditions for both upstream and downstream channels. Experimental results demonstrate strong agreement between the proposed DL-based predictions and conventional optical simulation outcomes, while the proposed predictions achieve superior adaptability and reduced computational complexity. High coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.94) and low error metrics confirm the effectiveness of the framework, highlighting its potential as a fast and reliable alternative to traditional performance evaluation methods in next-generation optical access networks.

The Energy Efficient Regional Area Metropolitan Optical Access Network (MOAN) is a modern optical communication system specifically designed for metropolitan areas. It addresses the increasing demand for high-speed data transmission while optimizing energy consumption. In this paper, energy-efficient traffic data aggregation and energy-aware routing are presented to increase the network lifetime of the system. The traffic data aggregation reduces redundant transmissions, while energy-aware routing minimizes energy consumption by selecting energy-efficient paths. Initially, the wavelength utility-based dynamic wavelength allocation approach (WU-DWA) was developed to facilitate efficient resource utilization. Then, the data aggregation is performed in the context of traffic grooming using the adaptive principal component analysis (APCA)technique. APCA combines or grooms multiple low-bandwidth data streams into higher-capacity data channels to optimize the use of available network resources, such as wavelengths in optical networks or channels in general communication systems. The aggregated data is routed with the proposed energy efficient adaptive Tuna slap Swarm Optimization strategy (ATSSO). By using the proposed approach, the performance obtained in terms of energy consumption is 88, throughput is 131.63, average packet delay is 3.551, and energy savings are 29.99, respectively. The proposed approach is implemented, and the performance is evaluated in terms of standard performance metrics and analyzed using traditional approaches. The better performance indicates that the proposed approach is more efficient than existing approaches.

With the aim of tackling insufficient security in the chaotic encryption algorithm for digital images in the Optical Access Network, a color image encryption scheme combining non-degenerate discrete hyperchaotic system and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dynamic encoding is proposed. First, a new non-degenerate hyperchaotic system is constructed with all positive Lyapunov and more complex dynamic characteristics. Furthermore, the key sequence based on non-degenerate hyperchaotic system is generated using plaintext correlation to achieve the effect of a dynamic secret key. Next, a binary bit-planes permutation is performed on the image using one of the key sequences. Then, the chaotic key sequence is used to sequentially perform DNA encoding, obfuscation, and decoding. Finally, a binary bit-planes obfuscation is performed to obtain the final ciphertext. The research results show that the non-degenerate chaotic sequence can pass the NIST 800-22 test, and the corresponding encryption algorithm can resist various common attacks and has a strong anti-interference ability. In addition, the algorithm is verified on ARM-Embedded, which proves that the encryption system proposed in this paper is a feasible secure communication technology scheme. Therefore, the scheme proposed in this paper is helpful to provide new ideas for the design and application of high-security cryptosystem in optical access network.

To achieve commercial scalability, fiber-based quantum key distribution (QKD) systems must be integrated into existing optical communication infrastructures, rather than deployed exclusively on dedicated dark fibers. Integrating QKD into optical access networks (OANs) would be particularly advantageous, as these networks provide direct connectivity to end users for whom security is critical. Such integration can address the inherent security vulnerabilities in current OANs, which are primarily based on time-division multiplexing passive optical networks (TDM-PONs). However, integrating QKD into PONs poses significant challenges due to Raman noise and other detrimental effects induced by PON signals, which intensify as the launched power of PONs increases to support higher transmission speeds. In this study, we review recent advancements in both QKD and access network technologies, evaluate the technical feasibility of QKD-OAN integration, and propose cost-effective strategies to facilitate the widespread deployment of QKD in future access networks.

Due to significant developments in high transmission rate applications for big data analytics, cloud computing, and other next-generation 5G smart applications, today’s access networks are under a lot of pressure to meet the high bandwidth needs. In this work, a bidirectional high capacity of 160 Gbps utilizing hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (TWDM-PON) is simulated and investigated via OptiSystem software. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in the receiver sector for both the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU) is employed to reduce the effect of linear chromatic dispersion until given permission to enhance the distance communication system for a symmetric 160 Gbps E2-class (TWDM-PON). According to the results, the maximum achieved link distance with an outstanding bit error rate of 10 − 9 is around 40 km and 70 km for the system without and with dispersion compensation, respectively. This represents an enhancement of about 75% which can support the next-generation passive optical networks stage 2 (NG-PON2) with a splitting ratio of 1:256.

In this article, an additional protected fiber and free-space optical (FSO) link path is proposed, to provide self-healing capabilities for protection against fiber faults in wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) systems. The new optical line terminal (OLT), remote node (RN), and optical network unit (ONU) in the presented PON architecture result in self-protective function against fiber breakpoints. In the measurement, 25 Gbit/s on-off keying (OOK) modulation was applied on each WDM channel to assess the downstream and upstream signals after 25 km single-mode fiber (SMF) and 25 km SMF + 2 m FSO connections, respectively. In addition to using protected fiber paths for self-healing operations. This PON system can also apply the FSO link method. The measured bit error rate (BER) for all downstream and upstream traffic was maintained below 3.8 × 10−3 with forward error correction (FEC). The detected optical power sensitivity of the proposed self-restorative fiber- and FSO-based WDM-PON for downstream and upstream WDM signals ranged from −33.5 to −28.5 dBm and from −33 to −28.5 dBm, respectively, and the corresponding power budgets of the downstream and upstream WDM signals were between 29.5 and 30.5 dB and 33 and 38 dB, respectively.

For the commercial wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) with standard single-mode fiber SSMF-28 and 1:64 passive fiber branching at its far end (RN) and 100 GHz C-band continuous wavelength (CW) lasers, the maximum coverage and optimal transmission power of STM-16 and STM-64 with external modulators at different speeds and wave numbers (4λ, 8λ and 16λ) are obtained, respectively. The performance parameter of the high data rate WDM-PON system is analyzed with respect to a number of channels and reach. In order to improve the network utilization and receiving efficiency, the influence of different channels and transmission distances on the performance of high data rate WDM-PON system is analyzed. Simulation analysis with Optisystem15.0. The maximum transmission power required to achieve the maximum transmission distance under the condition of nonlinear constraints is obtained. In order to save power consumption, the configuration of each multi-band PON is optimized in terms of transmission power. It is found that WDM-PON system has to compromise between aggregated data rate and system reach. Future software defined access network reconfigure the access network depending on the dynamic demand and the resources available. Hence depending on the distance between the optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU) guaranteed data rate can be estimated. ONU is equipped with a tunable optical filter (TOF) hence future wavelength can be reconfigured by both service provider and user. It makes it possible for software to customize optical access network.

The work outlined ideal single mode laser operation with single measured drive phase shift/conventional Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZM) in optical access networks is simulated and analyzed. Maximum signal power level versus spectral wavelength and time domain spectrum after fiber channel based 1.5 splitting ratio conventional/phase shift MZM and Idea single mode laser is measured accurately. Maximum Q coefficient of 35.87 and mini bit error rates of 2.3279 × 10 in the case of conventional MZM and idea single mode laser. Maximum Q coefficient of 17.86 and mini error rate of 1.0376 × 10 in the case of phase shift MZM and Idea single mode laser.