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The Invention of Ecocide
As the public increasingly questioned the war in Vietnam, a group of American scientists deeply concerned about the use of Agent Orange and other herbicides started a movement to ban what they called \"ecocide.\"
David Zierler traces this movement, starting in the 1940s, when weed killer was developed in agricultural circles and theories of counterinsurgency were studied by the military. These two trajectories converged in 1961 with Operation Ranch Hand, the joint U.S.-South Vietnamese mission to use herbicidal warfare as a means to defoliate large areas of enemy territory.
Driven by the idea that humans were altering the world's ecology for the worse, a group of scientists relentlessly challenged Pentagon assurances of safety, citing possible long-term environmental and health effects. It wasn't until 1970 that the scientists gained access to sprayed zones confirming that a major ecological disaster had occurred. Their findings convinced the U.S. government to renounce first use of herbicides in future wars and, Zierler argues, fundamentally reoriented thinking about warfare and environmental security in the next forty years.
Incorporating in-depth interviews, unique archival collections, and recently declassified national security documents, Zierler examines the movement to ban ecocide as it played out amid the rise of a global environmental consciousness and growing disillusionment with the containment policies of the cold war era.
eBook
The orange and the dream of California
\"The Orange and the Dream of California takes a lively, literary, and extraordinarily visual look at the symbiotic and highly symbolic relationship between the golden State and it \"golden apple,\" paring that resulted in a compelling fantasy and a fantastic reality. Untold numbers of people came West in the twentieth century lured by postcards showing orange blossoms juxtaposed with snow-capped mountains. And across the country, daily glasses of navel orange juice were a must after Sunkist's Mad Men-style ad campaign spread the word that drinking a California orange was as sweet and delicious as eating one -- and held the promise of a healthy life.\"--Front cover flap.
Book
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic biochar adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) and Acid orange 7 dye from aqueous solution
In this study, different types of magnetic biochar nanocomposites were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. Two biochar materials, namely, sewage sludge biochar and woodchips biochar, were prepared at two different temperatures, viz., 450 and 700 °C. These biochars were further modified with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe
3
O
4
). The modified biochar nanocomposites were characterized using field emission–scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), SQUID analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The potential of prepared adsorbents was examined for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and Acid orange 7 (AO7) dye from water as a function of various parameters, namely, contact time, pH of solution, amount of adsorbents, and initial concentrations of adsorbates. Various kinetic and isotherm models were tested to discuss and interpret the adsorption mechanisms. The maximum adsorption capacities of modified biochars were found as 80.96 and 110.27 mg g
-1
for Cr(VI) and AO7, respectively. Magnetic biochars showed high pollutant removal efficiency after 5 cycles of adsorption/desorption. The results of this study revealed that the prepared adsorbents can be successfully used for multiple cycles to remove Cr(VI) and AO7 from water.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article
One day and one amazing morning on Orange Street
The last remaining orange tree on a Southern California street brings together neighbors of all ages as they face their problems and anxieties, including the possibility that a mysterious stranger is a threat to their tree.
Book
Utilisation/upgrading of orange peel waste from a biological biorefinery perspective
Orange peel waste (OPW) (peels, pulp and seeds) is an underutilised residue coming from the orange juice industry. Its classical applications are cattle feeding and composting, while they cannot ensure a total use of OPW, so landfilling is also common practice. On the other side, OPW is very rich in sugars, polysaccharides, essential oils and polyphenols, so there is a vast literature focused on the development and optimization of technologies and processes to several products from OPW. In this review, papers on OPW-based bioprocesses are visited, discovering a wide landscape that goes from the composting and biogas processes on detoxified OPW (deoiled) to bioprocesses to bioethanol, chemicals, flavours and polymers. All these processes are prone to integration within the 2nd-generation biorefinery framework.
Journal Article
Biological Activities and Safety of Citrus spp. Essential Oils
Citrus fruits have been a commercially important crop for thousands of years. In addition, Citrus essential oils are valuable in the perfume, food, and beverage industries, and have also enjoyed use as aromatherapy and medicinal agents. This review summarizes the important biological activities and safety considerations of the essential oils of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), neroli (Citrus aurantium), orange petitgrain (Citrus aurantium), mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi), bergamot (Citrus bergamia), Yuzu (Citrus junos), and kumquat (Citrus japonica).
Journal Article
Evaluation of Acridine Orange Derivatives as DNA-Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals for Auger Therapy: Influence of the Radionuclide and Distance to DNA
A new family of
99m
Tc(I)- tricarbonyl complexes and
125
I-heteroaromatic compounds bearing an acridine orange (AO) DNA targeting unit was evaluated for Auger therapy. Characterization of the DNA interaction, performed with the non-radioactive Re and
127
I congeners, confirmed that all compounds act as DNA intercalators. Both classes of compounds induce double strand breaks (DSB) in plasmid DNA but the extent of DNA damage is strongly dependent on the linker between the Auger emitter (
99m
Tc or
125
I) and the AO moiety. The
in vitro
evaluation was complemented with molecular docking studies and Monte Carlo simulations of the energy deposited at the nanometric scale, which corroborated the experimental data. Two of the tested compounds,
125
I-C
5
and
99m
Tc-C
3
, place the corresponding radionuclide at similar distances to DNA and produce comparable DSB yields in plasmid and cellular DNA. These results provide the first evidence that
99m
Tc can induce DNA damage with similar efficiency to that of
125
I, when both are positioned at comparable distances to the double helix. Furthermore, the high nuclear retention of
99m
Tc-C
3
in tumoral cells suggests that
99m
Tc-labelled AO derivatives are more promising for the design of Auger-emitting radiopharmaceuticals than the
125
I-labelled congeners.
Journal Article
Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops
Some of the World’s most valuable crops, including watermelon, honey melon, cucumber, squash, zucchini and pumpkin, belong to the family Cucurbitaceae. We review insights on their domestication from new phylogenies, archaeology and genomic studies. Ancestral state estimation on the most complete Cucurbitaceae phylogeny to date suggests that an annual life cycle may have contributed to domestication. Domestication started c. 11 000 years ago in the New World and Asia, and apparently more recently in Africa. Some cucurbit crops were domesticated only once, others multiple times (e.g. melon from different Asian and African populations). Most wild cucurbit fruits are bitter and nonpalatable to humans, and nonbitterness of the pulp apparently was a trait favoured early during domestication, with genomic data showing how bitterness loss was achieved convergently. The genetic pathways underlying lycopene accumulation, red or orange pulp colour, and fruit size and shape are only just beginning to be understood. The study of cucurbit domestication in recent years has benefitted from the increasing integration of archaeological and genomic data with insights from herbarium collections, the most efficient way to understand species’ natural geographic ranges and climate adaptations.
Journal Article
Blood orange juice inhibits fat accumulation in mice
Objective: To analyze the effect of the juice obtained from two varieties of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), Moro (a blood orange) and Navelina (a blond orange), on fat accumulation in mice fed a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Obesity was induced in male C57/Bl6 mice by feeding a HFD. Moro and Navelina juices were provided instead of water. The effect of an anthocyanin-enriched extract from Moro oranges or purified cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) was also analyzed. Body weight and food intake were measured regularly over a 12-week period. The adipose pads were weighted and analyzed histologically; total RNA was also isolated for microarray analysis. Results: Dietary supplementation of Moro juice, but not Navelina juice significantly reduced body weight gain and fat accumulation regardless of the increased energy intake because of sugar content. Furthermore, mice drinking Moro juice were resistant to HFD-induced obesity with no alterations in food intake. Only the anthocyanin extract, but not the purified C3G, slightly affected fat accumulation. High-throughput gene expression analysis of fat tissues confirmed that Moro juice could entirely rescue the high fat-induced transcriptional reprogramming. Conclusion: Moro juice anti-obesity effect on fat accumulation cannot be explained only by its anthocyanin content. Our findings suggest that multiple components present in the Moro orange juice might act synergistically to inhibit fat accumulation.
Journal Article