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The Yanshan orogeny and late Mesozoic multi-plate convergence in East Asia—Commemorating 90th years of the “Yanshan Orogeny”
The Yanshan movement/orogeny has been proposed for 90 years, which is of special significance in the history of geological research in China. This study conducted a review by synthesizing major achievements regarding episodic deformation features, sedimentary and magmatic records of the Yanshan orogeny in China, and clarified the episodic tectono-magmatism and its geodynamic origins. The tectonic implications of the Yanshan orogeny are discussed in the context of global plate tectonics and supercontinent reconstruction. Lines of evidence from structural, sedimentary and magmatic data suggest that the Yanshan orogeny represents a regional-scale tectonic event that affected the entire China continent in late Mesozoic period. Numerous age and structural constraints consistently indicate that the Yanshan orogeny was initiated in the Jurassic (at ∼170±5 Ma). and was characterized by alternating stages of crustal shortening at ∼170–136 Ma, crustal extension at ∼135–90 Ma, and weak shortening at ∼80 Ma. The 170–136 Ma crustal shortening was reflected in the generation of two regional stratigraphic unconformities (the Tiaojishan and Zhangjiakou unconformities), which were initially named the A and B episodes of “the Yanshan Orogeny” by Mr. Wong Wenhao in 1928. Geodynamically, the Yanshan orogeny in East Asia was associated with nearly coeval oceanic subduction and continental convergence in the Paleo-Pacific, Neo-Tethys, and Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic domains. As a consequence, three giant accretionary-collisional tectonic systems were formed along the continental margins of East Asia, i.e., the Mongol-Okhotsk, Bangonghu-Nujiang, and SE China subduction- and collision-related accretionary systems. The Yanshan orogeny induced widespread crustal-scale folding and thrusting, tectonic reactivation of long-lived zones of crustal weakness, and extensive magmatism and mineralization in intraplate regions. Based on the time principle of supercontinent assembly and break-up, we propose that the mid-Late Jurassic multi-plate convergence in East Asia might represent the initiation of the assembly of the Amasia supercontinent, and the Yanshan orogeny might be the first “stirrings” that is a prerequisite for the birth of the Amasia supercontinent.
Journal Article
Plate tectonics : continental drift and mountain building
This volume presents an introduction to the field of plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's rigid outermost shell. The authors begin with an historical introduction concerning early ideas of continental drift and Earth dynamics that leads into discussion and consideration of plate motions and geometry. This is followed by several chapters that define, describe in detail, and illustrate the various features, processes, and settings that comprise the plate tectonic realm: graben structures, passive continental margins, ocean basins, mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults. The remaining chapters deal with mountain-building processes as a consequence of plate tectonics and the collision of terranes and large continents. These chapters illuminate plate tectonic processes from the early history of the Earth to the present.-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
The Atlas of Morocco: A Plume‐Assisted Orogeny
We explore the connections between crustal shortening, volcanism, and mantle dynamics in the Atlas of Morocco. In response to compressional forces and strain localization, this intraplate orogen has evolved far from convergent plate margins. Convective effects, such as lithospheric weakening and plume‐related volcanism, contributed in important ways to the building of high topography. We seek to better understand how crustal and mantle processes interacted during the Atlas' orogeny by combining multiple strands of observations, including new and published data. Constraints on crustal and thermal evolution are combined with new analyses of topographic evolution, petrological, and geochemical data from the Anti‐Atlas volcanic fields, and a simple numerical model of the interactions among crustal deformation, a mantle plume, and volcanism. Our findings substantiate that: (a) crustal deformation and exhumation accelerated during the middle/late Miocene, contemporaneous with the onset of volcanism; (b) volcanism has an anorogenic signature with a deep source; (c) a dynamic mantle upwelling supports the high topography. We propose that a mantle plume and the related volcanism weakened the lithosphere beneath the Atlas and that this favored the localization of crustal shortening along pre‐existing structures during plate convergence. This convective‐tectonic sequence may represent a general mechanism for the modification of continental plates throughout the thermo‐chemical evolution of the supercontinental cycle. Key Points Crustal thickening is limited and cannot account for the topography elevation of the Atlas system Resumption of volcanism is contemporaneous with the acceleration of crustal deformation and topography growing The erosion and weakening of the lower lithosphere, as a consequence of mantle plume, may enhance crustal deformation and exhumation
Journal Article
Orogenesis : the making of mountains
\"Orogenesis, the process of mountain building, occurs when two tectonic plates collide--either forcing material upwards to form mountain belts such as the Alps or Himalayas or causing one plate to be subducted below the other, resulting in volcanic mountain chains such as the Andes. Integrating the approaches of structural geology and metamorphism, this book provides an up-to-date overview of orogenic research, and an introduction to the physico-chemical properties of mountain belts. Global examples are explored, the interactioning roles of temperature and deformation in the orogenic process are reviewed, and important new concepts such as channel flow are explained. This book provides a valuable introduction to this fast-moving field for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of structural geology, plate tectonics and geodynamics, and will also provide a vital overview of research for academics and researchers working in related fields including petrology, geochemistry and sedimentology.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Tectonic evolution of the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland: a review based on the timing of magmatism, metamorphism and deformation
Classic tectonic models for the Caledonian orogeny in Scotland involve Ordovician collision of Laurentia–Midland Valley arc (Grampian orogeny), followed by middle Silurian collision of Laurentia–Baltica (Scandian orogeny) and 500–700 km of sinistral displacement along the Great Glen fault separating the Northern Highlands (Moine Supergroup) from the Grampian Highlands (Dalradian Supergroup). A review of the timing of magmatic and metamorphic rocks across Scotland allows a simpler explanation that fits with a classic Himalayan-style continent–island arc–continent collision. Late Cambrian – Early Ordovician NW-directed ophiolite obduction (Highland Border complex) coincided with the ending of stable continental shelf sedimentation along the eastern margin of Laurentia. Following collision between Laurentia and the Midland Valley arc–microcontinent in Early Ordovician time, crustal thickening and shortening led to almost continuous regional metamorphism from c. 470 to 420 Ma, rather than two discrete ‘orogenies’ (Grampian, Scandian). U–Pb monazite and garnet growth ages indicating prograde metamorphism, and S-type granites related to melting of crustal protoliths are coeval in the Grampian and Northern Highlands terranes. There is no evidence that the Great Glen fault was a terrane boundary, and strike-slip shearing post-dated emplacement of Silurian – Early Devonian granites. Late orogenic alkaline granites (c. 430–405 Ma) in both Moine and Dalradian terranes are not associated with subduction. They are instead closely related to regional alkaline appinite–lamprophyric magmatism resulting from simultaneous melting of lower crust and enriched lithospheric mantle. Caledonian deformation and metamorphism in northern Scotland, with continuous SE-directed subduction, show geometry and time scales that are comparable to the Cenozoic India–Kohistan arc–Asia collisional Himalayan orogeny.
Journal Article
Toward a stepwise Kwangsian Orogeny
The Kwangsian Orogeny originated along the southeast coast of China and stepwise developed in a northwest direction.It includes two stages,a long locally varying uplift from the Late Ordovician to the early Silurian and a finally tectonic movement near the Silurian and Devonian transition.The Kwangsian uplift event shows a stepwise delay northwestwards from the southeastern coast area in Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone（Sa1）to the south side of the Xuefeng Mountains in or later than Cystograptus vesiculosus Biozone（R3）to Coronograptus cyphus Biozone（R4）.In the southern of Yangtze Platform,the Yichang Uplift was droved by the Kwangsian Orogeny forming a diachronous stratigraphical break through Rhuddanian and Aeronian.The distribution of the early Telychian lower marine red beds indicates a northwestward increase of the Cathaysian Oldland.Stratigraphical evidence may explain why the Kwangsian movement was marked by an angular disconformity during the Pridoli to earliest Devonian interval.
Journal Article
Tectonics of South China Continent and its implications
This paper aims at exploring the tectonic characteristics of the South China Continent （SCC） and extracting the universal tec- tonic rules from these characteristics,to help enrich the plate tectonic theory and better understand the continental dynamic system. For this purpose, here we conduct a multi-disciplinary investigation and combine it with the previous studies to reas- sess the tectonics and evolution of SCC and propose that the tectonic framework of the continent comprises two blocks, three types of tectonic units, four deformation systems, and four evolutionary stages with distinctive mechanism and tectonic characteris- tics since the Neoproterozoic. The four evolutionary stages are： （1） The amalgamation and break-up of the Neoproterozoic plates, typically the intracontinental rifting. （2） The early Paleozoic and Mesozoic intracontinental orogeny confined by plate tectonics, forming two composite tectonic domains. （3） The parallel operation of the Yangtze cratonization and intracontinental orogeny, and multi-phase reactivation of the Yangtze craton. （4） The association and differentiation evolution of plate tectonics and intraconti- nental tectonics, and the dynamic characteristics under the Meso-Cenozoic modem global plate tectonic regime.
Journal Article
Timing and duration of the calc-alkaline arc of the Pampean Orogeny; implications for the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian evolution of western Gondwana
The Pampean Orogen in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas contains two paired magmatic belts, an eastern calc-alkaline magmatic belt and a western peraluminous granite/high-grade metasedimentary belt. The relationship between the two belts and their relative timing are constrained through new U-Pb zircon ages on granodiorites, monzogranites, and associated volcanic rocks from Sierra Norte and the easternmost Sierras de Cordoba. These ages indicate that calc-alkaline arc magmatism was active over at least a 30-m.yr. period from 555 to 525 Ma, terminating at the same time that peraluminous magmatism and associated high-grade metamorphism began in the adjoining metasedimentary belt (525-515 Ma). These temporal relationships and the metamorphic characteristics of the two belts appear to be in conflict with previously proposed models for the Pampean Orogeny as a continental-collision event, but they are consistent with models that propose eastward-dipping subduction of oceanic crust initiated at ca. 555 Ma, followed by ridge-trench collision at ca. 525 Ma. Similar-aged belts of arc-related and peraluminous magmatism occur elsewhere along the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana, suggesting that similar processes of subduction and noncollisional peraluminous magmatism occurred along much of the Gondwana margin in late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian time.
Journal Article
Application of foreland basin detrital-zircon geochronology to the reconstruction of the Southern and Central Appalachian Orogen
We report the U-Pb age distribution of detrital zircons collected from central and southern Appalachian foreland basin strata, which record changes of sediment provenance in response to the different phases of the Appalachian orogeny. Taconic clastic wedges have predominantly ca. 1080-1180 and ca. 1300-1500 Ma zircons, whereas Acadian clastic wedges contain abundant Paleozoic zircons and minor populations of 550-700 and 1900-2200 Ma zircons consistent with a Gondwanan affinity. Alleghanian clastic wedges contain large populations of ca. 980-1080 Ma and ca. 2700 Ma and older Archean zircons and fewer Paleozoic zircons than occur in the Acadian clastic wedges. The abundance of Paleozoic detrital zircons in Acadian clastic wedges indicates that the Acadian hinterland consisted of recycled material and Taconic-aged plutons, which provided significant detritus to the Acadian foreland basin. The appearance of Pan-African/Brasiliano-and Eburnean/Trans-Amazonian-aged zircons in Acadian clastic wedges suggests a Devonian accretion of the Carolina terrane. In contrast, the relative decrease in abundance of Paleozoic detrital zircons coupled with an increase of Archean and Grenville zircons in Alleghanian clastic wedges indicates the development of an orogenic hinterland consisting of deformed passive margin strata and Grenville basement. The younging-upward age progression in Grenville province sources revealed in Taconic through Alleghanian successions suggest a reverse unroofing sequence that indicates at least two cycles of Grenville zircon recycling.
Journal Article