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Demonstration of glycogen in tissue holds considerable diagnostic relevance across various pathological conditions, particularly in certain tumors. The histochemical staining of glycogen using methods utilizing Schiff’s reagents is subject to influences arising from the type of fixative, fixation temperature, and oxidizing agents employed. This study aimed to assess diverse fixatives, fixation temperatures, and oxidizing agents, each with variable treatment durations, in conjunction with Schiff’s reagent for optimal glycogen demonstration. Paraffin blocks derived from a rabbit’s liver served as the experimental substrate, encompassing 340 paraffin sections subjected to different procedures. For tissues fixed at 4 °C, good staining outcomes, as determined by the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain, were observed with 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), 80% alcohol, and Bouin’s solution. Tissues fixed at room temperature (RT) demonstrated good PAS staining results with both 10% NBF and 80% alcohol. Notably, other oxidizing agents exhibited poor outcomes across all fixatives and fixation temperature, with two exceptions, as satisfactory staining results were obtained when using 5% chromic acid. Consequently, Both 10% NBF and 80% emerge as preferred fixatives of choice for glycogen demonstration when coupled with PAS stain. It is noteworthy that Bouin’s solution could also provide good outcomes when fixation occurred at 4 °C.

Role of oxidizing agent and effect of Al 2 O 3 on polyaniline (PANI) was studied in the present work by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization method and concentration of Al 2 O 3 may vary from 1% to 5%. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope for structural and morphological study. Electrical behavior was studied by AC and DC conductivity. Decrease in the conductivity motivated to measure dielectric properties of the synthesized sample, dielectric behavior showed that these can be used for energy storage application. Oxidizing agent may change conducting PANI to dielectric PANI and doping of Al 2 O 3 may also lead towards higher dielectric property.

A sudden leak of phenylethylene is an urgent issue for the surrounding environment. To mitigate its negative effect, the decontamination efficiency of phenylethylene on an activated carbon (AC)-based adsorbent was investigated. Factors such as the particle size and the temperature, that could affect the adsorption ratio, were explored. Meanwhile, the efficiency of AC, pretreated with different KMnO4 and NaClO concentrations, was examined. It was proven that the decontamination efficiency was higher for the 300-mesh AC compared to the 200-mesh AC. The introduction of the oxidizer, KMnO4, had a negative effect on phenylethylene adsorption. Nevertheless, the NaClO-modified AC showed a positive influence on phenylethylene removal, while its decontamination gradually improved with the increase of the NaClO concentration. It was also found that the adsorption rate of phenylethylene was ascended with the temperature rise. After 1 h of adsorption with AC heated to 200°C, no phenylethylene desorption was observed.

Environmental and industrial safety regulations have increased the possibilities of utilizing enzymes in textile processing to produce environmentally friendly output. An enzyme-based process was investigated to achieve bio discharge printing as an alternative to conventional chemical processes. In the current study, the enzymes polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase which extracted from potato peel (Solanum tuberosum peel) as a natural source of oxidizing agents were employed to selectively discharge printing of naturally dyed cotton and wool fabrics to impart unusual and unique effects.

Aquaculture is becoming increasingly important for the world's food production. Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) has a reduced water requirement and better possibilities for waste handling. Unfortunately, off‐flavours can be formed in RAS and concentrate on fish flesh. Off‐flavour compounds cause earthy, musty or other unwanted flavours to fish flesh that consumers find objectionable. Typically, off‐flavours are removed by depurating the fish in clean water, but it often takes from days to weeks to fully remove these unwanted flavours that causes additional costs to fish producers. Therefore, reliable methods to reduce the need for depuration are needed. In this study, two methods were investigated for the removal of off‐flavours in RAS rearing rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: an advanced oxidation process (AOP) using a combination of ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and a treatment with H2O2 alone. Two treatments (AOP and H2O2) and a control without oxidants were applied across nine identical experimental RASs for 8 h day−1 over 10 days, and selected off‐flavour compounds in water and fish were analysed. In fish, the concentrations of GSM and MIB were on average 776 and 962 ng kg−1 (AOP) and 688 and 919 ng kg−1 (H2O2) compared to 1071 and 1205 ng kg−1 in the controls. The results showed that intensive oxidant treatments reduced the off‐flavour concentrations in the recirculating water and in fish, which can potentially lead to reduced depuration time and production costs. Further optimization of the treatment is needed to improve off‐flavour removal efficiencies.

Inverted organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have been aggressively developed because of their superiorities such as their high stability, low driving voltage, and low drop of brightness in display applications. The injection of electrons is a critical issue in inverted OLEDs because the ITO cathode has an overly high work function in injecting electrons into the emission layer from the cathode. We synthesized hexagonal wurtzite ZnO nanoparticles using different oxidizing agents for an efficient injection of electrons in the inverted OLEDs. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate (TMAH) were used as oxidizing agents for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles. The band gap, surface defects, surface morphology, surface roughness, and electrical resistivity of the nanoparticles were investigated. The inverted devices with phosphorescent molecules were prepared using the synthesized nanoparticles. The inverted devices with ZnO nanoparticles using TMAH exhibited a lower driving voltage, lower leakage current, and higher maximum external quantum efficiency. The devices with TMAH-based ZnO nanoparticles exhibited the maximum external quantum efficiency of 19.1%.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a common part of the environment where they come from burning fossil fuels (through an incomplete combustion process). From a toxicological point of view, PAHs are considered to be carcinogens with a mutagenic and teratogenic effect. On the other hand, ferrates are generally believed to be the ideal chemical agent for water treatment due to their strong oxidation potential. Herein, the efficiency of degradation of PAHs (with the special emphasis on B[a]P) by ferrates under laboratory conditions was studied. The formation of degradation products was also considered. For this, two types of ferrates were used and both of them efficiently degraded B[a]P. When comparing ferrates that were bought from a Czech and USA company, no significant changes in terms of B[a]P degradability were observed. It was determined that the degradation efficiency of PAHs by ferrates was dependent on their molecular weight. Two and three cyclic PAHs have been completely degraded within 30 minutes, whereas five (and more) cyclic PAHs, only partially. The results obtained with ferrates were compared to the ones obtained with a classical oxidizing agent - KMnO4. In a qualitative test to detect degradation products of PAHs, two were identified, namely fluoren-9-one derived from fluorene and acentaphthylene, formed from acenaphthene.

In this work, the application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) in accelerated corrosion testing was considered. H2O2 is already used as an accelerant in the standard immersion test ASTM G110, and K2S2O8 is an oxidizing agent that shows promise for corrosion testing applications. A Koutecky-Levich approach was used to investigate the cathodic kinetics of both oxidizing agents as well as dissolved oxygen (O2). Cathodic kinetics for O2, H2O2, and S2O82− were faster when measured on a platinum electrode than when measured on an AA2060-T3 electrode. This difference was attributed to the additional limit to cathodic kinetics posed by the protective oxide film on aluminum. H2O2 was a more potent accelerant than K2S2O8 at a concentration of 0.1 M due to the faster cathodic kinetics of H2O2 on aluminum. However, K2S2O8 was more convenient to use in a laboratory setting due to its stability during storage. The severity of tests using K2S2O8 was increased by lowering the solution pH to 2.28. At the low solution pH, cathodic kinetics and extent of attack increased.

Removal of organic micropollutants from water through advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is hampered by the excessive input of energy and/or chemicals as well as the large amounts of residuals resulting from incomplete mineralization. Herein, we report a new water purification paradigm, the direct oxidative transfer process (DOTP), which enables complete, highly efficient decontamination at very low dosage of oxidants. DOTP differs fundamentally from AOPs and adsorption in its pollutant removal behavior and mechanisms. In DOTP, the nanocatalyst can interact with persulfate to activate the pollutants by lowering their reductive potential energy, which triggers a non-decomposing oxidative transfer of pollutants from the bulk solution to the nanocatalyst surface. By leveraging the activation, stabilization, and accumulation functions of the heterogeneous catalyst, the DOTP can occur spontaneously on the nanocatalyst surface to enable complete removal of pollutants. The process is found to occur for diverse pollutants, oxidants, and nanocatalysts, including various low-cost catalysts. Significantly, DOTP requires no external energy input, has low oxidant consumption, produces no residual byproducts, and performs robustly in real environmental matrices. These favorable features render DOTP an extremely promising nanotechnology platform for water purification. Removal of organic micropollutants from water through advanced oxidation processes is hampered by the excessive input of energy and/or chemicals as well as the large amounts of residuals resulting from incomplete mineralization. Here the authors present a new alternative water purification technology to adsorption and advanced oxidation.

‘Reactive oxygen species’ (ROS) is a generic term that defines a wide variety of oxidant molecules with vastly different properties and biological functions that range from signalling to causing cell damage. Consequently, the description of oxidants needs to be chemically precise to translate research on their biological effects into therapeutic benefit in redox medicine. This Expert Recommendation article pinpoints key issues associated with identifying the physiological roles of oxidants, focusing on H2O2 and O2.–. The generic term ROS should not be used to describe specific molecular agents. We also advocate for greater precision in measurement of H2O2, O2.– and other oxidants, along with more specific identification of their signalling targets. Future work should also consider inter-organellar communication and the interactions of redox-sensitive signalling targets within organs and whole organisms, including the contribution of environmental exposures. To achieve these goals, development of tools that enable site-specific and real-time detection and quantification of individual oxidants in cells and model organisms are needed. We also stress that physiological O2 levels should be maintained in cell culture to better mimic in vivo redox reactions associated with specific cell types. Use of precise definitions and analytical tools will help harmonize research among the many scientific disciplines working on the common goal of understanding redox biology.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise a wide variety of oxidant molecules with vastly different properties and biological functions in physiology and in disease. Approaches to characterize oxidants in the in vivo context and identify their specific cellular targets will be required to understand and control the pathophysiological activities of ROS.