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Paper artifacts are important carriers of history and culture. As they age and are affected by environmental factors, their protection and restoration become increasingly important. This paper discusses the restoration techniques for paper artifacts, including cleaning, acid removal, strengthening, and surface protection. It also considers the application of digital technologies in artifact restoration. Digital scanning, virtual restoration, and digital display provide new solutions for artifact restoration, effectively protecting artifacts from further damage, enhancing accessibility, and promoting academic research and education. Although digital display faces challenges such as technological limitations, storage, and copyright issues, with technological advancements, the restoration and display of paper artifacts will see more innovations. The protection and transmission of paper artifacts have become an important task in global cultural heritage preservation.

This research explores the potential of ionic liquids (ILs) in restoring paper artifacts, particularly an aged book sample. Three distinct ILs—1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-methyl-3-pentylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and 1-methyl-3-heptylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide —both in their pure form and isopropanol mixtures, were examined for their specific consumption in conjunction with paper, with 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide displaying the highest absorption. Notably, the methyl-3-heptylimidazolium ionic liquid displayed pronounced deacidification capabilities, elevating the paper pH close to a neutral 7. The treated paper exhibited significant color enhancements, particularly with 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-pentyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs, as evidenced by CIE-Lab* parameters. An exploration of ILs as potential UV stabilizers for paper unveiled promising outcomes, with 1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium IL demonstrating minimal yellowing post-UV irradiation. FTIR spectra elucidated structural alterations, underscoring the efficacy of ILs in removing small-molecular additives and macromolecules. The study also addressed the preservation of inked artifacts during cleaning, showcasing ILs’ ability to solubilize iron gall ink, particularly the one with the 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium cation. While exercising caution for prolonged use on inked supports is still recommended, ILs are shown here to be valuable for cleaning ink-stained surfaces, establishing their effectiveness in paper restoration and cultural heritage preservation.

Efficient removal of mold stains becomes an important research topic for paper conservation. In this study, a cleaning scheme based on the combination of bioenzymes and biosurfactants was explored. Morphological and molecular biology identifications were first jointly applied to identify the dominant strains sampled from five ancient books that are stored in the same environment. Cellulolytic experiments were then conducted to evaluate the cellulose degradation ability of the strains according to the cellulolytic digestive index. Finally, paper Mockups for the ancient books were constructed to investigate the most effective combination of bioenzymes and biosurfactants in removing mold stains as well as its effect on the paper’s physical properties. The result concluded that the combination of 3% papain, 7% of sophorolipid or 7% of betaine, and distilled water, achieved optimal stain removal effect with over 50% cleaning rate at 35 °C, after 30 min of infiltration. The maximum color difference of the paper material after cleaning was around 0.60, pH was between 7.45 and 7.79, and no significant changes in tensile strength were observed. At the same time, Sophorolipid and Betaine both have superior deacidification, anti-acidification, anti-aging, and reinforcement capabilities, which can provide extra support to the fibrous structure in addition to cleaning the paper materials. The microbial contamination cleaning agent proposed in this study shows promising application prospects in conserving mold-contaminated paper artifacts.

In the electronic age, documents appear to have escaped their paper confinement. But we are still surrounded by flows of paper with enormous consequences. In the planned city of Islamabad, order and disorder are produced through the ceaseless inscription and circulation of millions of paper artifacts among bureaucrats, politicians, property owners, villagers, imams (prayer leaders), businessmen, and builders. What are the implications of such a thorough paper mediation of relationships among people, things, places, and purposes? Government of Paper explores this question in the routine yet unpredictable realm of the Pakistani urban bureaucracy, showing how the material forms of postcolonial bureaucratic documentation produce a distinctive political economy of paper that shapes how the city is constructed, regulated, and inhabited. Files, maps, petitions, and visiting cards constitute the enduring material infrastructure of more ephemeral classifications, laws, and institutional organizations. Matthew S. Hull develops a fresh approach to state governance as a material practice, explaining why writing practices designed during the colonial era to isolate the government from society have become a means of participation in it.

Books represent a very important part of the cultural heritage, due to their double characteristics: first, as a man-made material and secondly, due to the information they store. The characterization of book paper represents a very important step in developing solutions for better conservation procedures, as well as for fully understanding their provenance. The present paper describes the analytical and microbiological evaluation of a collection of books from the nineteenth century, belonging to the authors’ private collections. The samples consisted of four books printed in Romania and five printed in France. The analytical characterization was performed using optical microscopy, thermal analysis, spectroscopic methods (X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), as well as by the evaluation of the degree of polymerization and the color change. The analyses were chosen in order to be either non-destructive or, at least, micro-destructive. The fungal loading determination was performed by plating the samples on the potato dextrose agar and Sabouraud with chloramphenicol agar media, for 28 days, followed by macroscopically and microscopically identification of mold species. The present study offers a complex methodology regarding the use of non- or micro-invasive techniques for evaluating the composition, state of degradation and potential risks related to microorganism colonization of paper artifacts.

In this work, active infrared thermography was applied to study a seventeenth-century painting on paper, namely the Chigi's family tree, housed at Palazzo Chigi in Ariccia (Rome). Thermography was performed before and after restoration to obtain information used in planning the restoration and also to assess its effectiveness. Infrared thermography provided important information on the artifact structure, areas of damage, structural defects, and the state of adhesion between different layers of the composite artifact before and after the treatment.

The former Geelong Mechanics' Institute was excavated in early 2018 ahead of the redevelopment of the Geelong Arts Centre. Unusually, over 36 per cent of the recovered artefacts were paper, including a large number and variety of newspapers, advertising material, programmes, tickets, and other ephemera, reflecting the Institute's role as educational centre, entertainment venue and community meeting place. These artefacts provide insight into the activities of the Geelong Institute, and life in Geelong in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, with some of the artefacts linked to individuals in the community. This paper provides a brief history of the Mechanics' Institute movement in general, and the Geelong Institute specifically, as well as showcasing a range of artefacts not commonly encountered in archaeological assemblages. Some interpretation as to how these fragile items survived the building's tumultuous construction history is also attempted.

The purpose of this review is to communicate and synthesize recent findings related to motion artifact in resting state fMRI. In 2011, three groups reported that small head movements produced spurious but structured noise in brain scans, causing distance-dependent changes in signal correlations. This finding has prompted both methods development and the re-examination of prior findings with more stringent motion correction. Since 2011, over a dozen papers have been published specifically on motion artifact in resting state fMRI. We will attempt to distill these papers to their most essential content. We will point out some aspects of motion artifact that are easily or often overlooked. Throughout the review, we will highlight gaps in current knowledge and avenues for future research. •Reviews post-2011 research on motion artifact in resting state fMRI•Explains analyses to detect and quantify motion artifact•Presents evidence for removal of artifact by various processing strategies

Computed tomography (CT) using synchrotron radiation is a powerful technique that, compared with laboratory CT techniques, boosts high spatial and temporal resolution while also providing access to a range of contrast‐formation mechanisms. The acquired projection data are typically processed by a computational pipeline composed of multiple stages. Artifacts introduced during data acquisition can propagate through the pipeline and degrade image quality in the reconstructed images. Recently, deep learning has shown significant promise in enhancing image quality for images representing scientific data. This success has driven increasing adoption of deep learning techniques in CT imaging. Various approaches have been proposed to incorporate deep learning into computational pipelines, but each has limitations in addressing artifacts effectively and efficiently in synchrotron CT, either in properly addressing the specific artifacts or in computational efficiency. Recognizing these challenges, we introduce a novel method that incorporates separate deep learning models at each stage of the tomography pipeline — projection, sinogram and reconstruction — to address specific artifacts locally in a data‐driven way. Our approach includes bypass connections that feed both the outputs from previous stages and raw data to subsequent stages, minimizing the risk of error propagation. Extensive evaluations on both simulated and real‐world datasets illustrate that our approach effectively reduces artifacts and outperforms comparison methods. An illustration of the synchrotron‐based computed tomography pipeline is given, highlighting the three key processing stages — projection, sinogram and reconstruction — each incorporating multiple processing steps to enhance image quality.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are a big data which are frequently corrupted by motion artifacts. As human neural diseases, diagnosis and analysis need a robust neurological signal. Consequently, the EEG artifacts’ eradication is a vital step. In this research paper, the primary motion artifact is detected from a single-channel EEG signal using support vector machine (SVM) and preceded with further artifacts’ suppression. The signal features’ abstraction and further detection are done through ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) algorithm. Moreover, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) filtering approach is applied for motion artifact removal. Finally, leftover motion artifacts’ unpredictability is removed by applying wavelet transform (WT) algorithm. Finally, results are optimized by using Harris hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm. The results of the assessment confirm that the algorithm recommended is superior to the algorithms currently in use.