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This article presents a case of tick infestation of the lower eyelid. A 58-year-old female presented to Ophthalmology OPD at Nepalgunj medical college with a small whitish lesion on medial aspect of the left lower eyelid since 7 days. On a detailed ocular examination, a tick was found to be masquerading as a pustule. This case report emphasizes the relation of tropical diseases in ophthalmology and the subsequent need of understanding the pathophysiological aspect of tropical diseases to avoid further systemic complications.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of parasites of domestic pigeons ( ) and the histopathological changes associated with helminth parasites in their intestines. A total of 71 pigeons, 50 (30 males, 20 females) were examined for ectoparasites and 21(15 males, 7 females) for the presence of endoparasites (P-value 0.189). Thirty-six out of 50 pigeons (72 %) were infected with two species of ectoparasites (lice); was found in 30 pigeons out of 36 (83.33 %), while was found in 6 pigeons (P-value < 0.001). Fifteen out of 21 (71.4 %) pigeons were infected with endoparasites, out of which 12 (80 %) had one or more species of the total 6 species of cestodes, including (57.1 %), (57.1 %), (23.8 %), (9.52 %), (9.52 %) and (14.28 %). Three male pigeons (14.28 %) were found to be infected with only 1 species of nematode . All 12 pigeons (9 males, 3 females) were infected with R. tetragona and R. micracantha (57.1 %); additionally, all 12 showed triple parasitic infestation, having one other species of cestode in addition to these. Only 3 pigeons were found infected with the nematode . The prevalence of spp. was higher than that of other species. Males were found to be more infected than females (P-value 0.502). Histopathological fi ndings revealed destruction and shrinkage in the duodenum, necrosis and shrinkage of serosa and submucosa, villous atrophy and migratory tunnels formation, atrophic hyperplasia in the ileum, aggregate of infl ammatory lymphocytes at the lamina propria, infl ammation of villi in the rectum, cell death, infi ltration of lymphocytes, infl ammation and histological hyperplasia in the intestines. It was concluded that pigeons of the present locality were found infected with lice, cestode and nematode parasites that present a serious threat and might be injurious not only to pigeons but also to environmental contamination for humans and other animals. Further research is needed to identify the association and biological factors that affect humans.

JustificationNeurocysticercosis (NCC) is a significant problem in India and other developing countries; however, several aspects of this disease have no clear, practical guidelines. There is a need for pragmatic guidelines, summarizing the available evidence, and filling in the gaps in evidence with expert advice to manage children with neurocysticercosis.ProcessAn expert group (16 members) and a writing group (8 members) was constituted, consisting of members with varied expertise. It included pediatric neurologists (18), neurologist (1), Neuroradiologists (4), and a parasitologist (1). The writing group divided the six topics and reviewed the literature on the topics individually to determine the clinical questions for which no clear guidance was available from the literature. The experts were then contacted and opinions were obtained online. The Delphi consensus method was adopted to arrive at a general consensus regarding various questions, with both the experts and the writing group members contributing. The final guidelines were then drafted by the writing group.RecommendationsDiagnosis of NCC should be based on clinical history and neuroimaging. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is the modality of choice. For single enhancing lesion, albendazole therapy for 10–14 days is recommended, and it should be combined with praziquantel for 10–14 days for more than one ring-enhancing lesions. For persistent lesion, the same dose and duration of albendazole or concurrent administration of albendazole and praziquantel should be given. Pulse intravenous steroids should be used to reduce the acute symptomatic edema in children with cysticercal encephalitis. Carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine are best suited for seizure prophylaxis for those who present with seizures; phenytoin and levetiracetam are the other alternatives. In the case of NCC presenting with symptoms other than seizures, there appears to be no role for routine anti-seizure medication prophylaxis. For a single ring-enhancing lesion, six months of anti-seizure medication is sufficient if the lesion resolves on follow-up. Those with persistent lesions, calcification, or multiple lesions, require a longer treatment duration of at least 24 months.

Hirudiniasis, or leech infestation, is a rare parasitic condition typically involving external skin or mucosal surfaces. We report a case of scrotal hirudiniasis, an 11 cm long leech discovered within the scrotal sac of a 15‐year‐old male. He initially developed hematuria due to periurethral leech attachment, which resolved following catheterization and bladder irrigation. A week later, he presented with acute scrotal pain and swelling. Ultrasound revealed a tubular, mobile structure near the left vas deferens. Surgical exploration identified an 11 cm leech within the tunica vaginalis, without any external entry wound or urethra‐cutaneous fistula. Two plausible routes of entry are suggested: retrograde movement via the vas deferens or migration through perineal fascial planes following urethral breach. This case underscores the need to consider unusual parasitic causes in patients presenting with acute scrotum in endemic regions. Key Clinical Message Scrotal hirudiniasis is an exceptionally rare presentation of leech infestation. Clinicians should consider parasitic causes in acute scrotal swelling, particularly in patients with freshwater exposure, as early surgical exploration is both diagnostic and curative.

Dirofilariasis is an endemic infestation in tropical and subtropical countries caused by about 40 different species. It rarely occurs in the oral cavity and is mostly presented as mucosal and submucosal nodules. Differential diagnoses include lipoma, mucocele, and pleomorphic adenoma. We report a rare case of oral dirofilariasis mimicking mucocele in a 41-year-old male patient from Croatia without an epidemiological history of travelling outside the country. He came in because of non-painful lower lip swelling that had lasted for two months. The parasite was surgically removed from the lesion. This is the first reported case of oral dirofilariasis in Croatia. It is important to point out this rare diagnosis in order to make dentists aware of the possibility of the presence of such an infestation in common lesions of the oral mucosa.

Myiasis is a rare ectoparasitic infestation characterized by the invasion of living tissue by fly larvae of the order Diptera. While larvae typically target wounded skin, ocular, nasopharyngeal, and gastrointestinal regions, oral myiasis is a less frequently reported but clinically significant site of infestation. Herein, we report a case of oral myiasis in a 68-year-old male patient who was intubated and managed in the intensive care unit following a high-altitude fall resulting in a Type III odontoid fracture. A tracheostomy was subsequently performed and during routine replacement of a nasogastric tube, multiple motile larvae were observed in the oral cavity. The larvae were mechanically removed, and the affected area was thoroughly irrigated with a sodium bicarbonate solution. Parasitological examination, including both macroscopic and microscopic analysis, identified the larvae as third-instar forms of the family. Despite ongoing intensive supportive care, the patient developed sepsis and multiorgan failure, culminating in cardiopulmonary arrest and death. This case suggests that oral myiasis may occur even under strict adherence to standard infection control measures. It highlights the necessity for individualized risk assessment and the implementation of advanced, targeted prevention strategies in vulnerable intensive care unit populations, considering the complex interplay of host, environmental, and systemic factors.

Background Pleural parasitic infestation (PPI) is a disease prevalent in certain parts of the world. It is frequently misdiagnosed due to its lack of standardized diagnostic criteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of PPI patients and develop a practical diagnostic approach for PPI. Methods A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of 11 patients with PPI. A practical diagnostic approach was proposed based on the unique laboratory findings. Results All patients demonstrated respiratory symptoms, including shortness of breath, cough, fever, chest pain, excessive sputum and hemoptysis. Leukocytosis (> 10,000/μL) and eosinophilia (> 500/μL) of peripheral blood were present in 45.5 and 36.4% patients, respectively. The mean concentrations of pleural effusion lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA), protein and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were 338.2 U/L (range, 61–667 U/L), 11.6 U/L (range, 0.1–28.2 U/L), 43.7 g/dL (range, 21.9–88.1 g/dL), and 1.84 mg/mL (range, 0.28–4.8 mg/mL), respectively. The mean percentage of eosinophils in the pleural effusion was 19.5% (10.5–41%). Blood test was positive for parasite-specific IgG antibody in 9 patients, including 4 for Paragonimus westermani, 3 for Taenia solium, 1 for Clonorchis sinensis and 1 for Echinococcus granulosus. Eggs of Clonorchis sinensis were detected in the stool of two patients. Sparganum was found in the pleural effusion of one patient. Respiratory symptoms and abnormal appearances in pulmonary radiographic examination were disappeared in all patients who received anti-parasitic treatment. Conclusions In patients with unexplained pleural effusion, parasite-specific IgG antibody tests should be performed when pleural fluid testing shows eosinophilic pleural effusion. It is preferable to consider the diagnosis of PPI in clinical practice when serum parasite-specific IgG antibody test is positive.

Migratory beekeeping is a widely extended practice aimed at increasing the yield of products and pollination services of honey bee colonies. However, it represents a stress factor, as it facilitates the dissemination of diseases and may compromise the genetic identity of the colonies involved. To analyze the extent of these effects, pathogens infestation rate and genetic composition were monitored in a field experiment comparing stationary and migratory colonies sharing the same environmental conditions but differing in management (stationary vs. migratory) and genetic background. We studied the pathogens infestation rate (Varroa destructor, Nosema spp., and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV)) at four different times: before migratory operation, two weeks later, at the end of the migratory period, and two weeks after the return of the migratory hives. An increased incidence of V. destructor and Nosema ceranae and a lower DWV viral load were found in migratory colonies. Temporary changes in genetic diversity were detected regardless of colony type, suggesting that stressors other than management affect the genetic diversity of the colonies. Our study demonstrates that migratory practices have variable effects on the health and genetic diversity of honey bee colonies, which should be taken into account for the development of sustainable beekeeping.

[LANGUAGE= \"English\"] BACKGROUND: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common indication for emergency surgery in general surgery worldwide, with peak incidence occurring in the second and fifth decades of life. The main symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and pain that typically begins around the umbilicus and migrates to the lower right quadrant. While the most frequent cause is fekaloids, intestinal parasites, tumors, and fruit seeds may also rarely contribute to the etiology of appendicitis. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of parasitic infections in the etiology of AA, along with associated demographic and histopathological findings in adult patients who underwent appendectomy.METHODS: The records of 10,658 patients over the age of 15 who underwent appendectomy between January 2011 and January 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on histopathological findings, 114 patients who underwent appendectomy due to parasitic infestation were included in the study.RESULTS: According to the pathology results, a total of 114 patients underwent appendectomy due to parasitic infestation. Of these, 53 (46.5%) were female and 61 (53.5%) were male. Histopathological examination revealed that 70 cases (61.4%) were diagnosed as acute appendicitis, 22 (19.3%) as suppurative, 15 (13.2%) as gangrenous, and seven (6.1%) as perforated appendicitis. In terms of etiology, Taenia saginata was identified in four patients (3.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides in two patients (1.8%), and Enterobius vermicularis (EV) eggs or parasites in 108 patients (94.7%).CONCLUSION: Parasitic infections, particularly Enterobius vermicularis, may contribute to the development of acute appendicitis, although their exact role in the pathogenesis remains unclear. In our study, Enterobius vermicularis was the most common cause of parasite-related appendicitis.[LANGUAGE= \"Turkish\"] AMAÇ: Akut apandisit (AA), dünya genelinde genel cerrahi pratiğinde en sık görülen acil cerrahi nedenidir. En sık ikinci ve beşinci dekatlarda görülür. Başlıca semptomlar bulantı, kusma ve göbek çevresinde başlayıp sağ alt kadrana yerleşen ağrıdır. En sık neden fekaloidler olmakla birlikte, bağırsak parazitleri, tümörler ve meyve çekirdekleri de nadiren apandisit etiyolojisinde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, AA nedeniyle ameliyat edilen erişkin hastalarda etiyolojide paraziter enfeksiyon insidansını, hastaların demografik ve histopatolojik bulgularını belirlemektir.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Ocak 2011 ile Ocak 2023 tarihleri arasında apendektomi yapılan 15 yaş üstü 10658 hastanın dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların histopatolojik verileri incelenerek parazit enfestasyonu nedeniyle apendektomi yapılan 114 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. BULGULAR: Patoloji sonuçlarına göre, parazit enfestasyonu nedeniyle apendektomi yapılan hasta sayısı 114 idi. Hastaların 53'ü (%46.5) kadın, 61'i (%53.5) erkekti. Histopatolojik incelemede apendektomi materyallerinin 70'i (%61.4) akut, 22'si (%19.3) süpüratif, 15'i (%13.2) gangrenöz ve 7'si (%6.1) perfore apandisit olarak teşhis edildi. Etiyolojide 4 (%3.5) hastada Taenia saginata, 2 (%1.8) hastada Ascariasis ve 108 (%94.7) hastada Enterobius vermicularis (EV) yumurta veya parazitleri gözlendi.SONUÇ: Parazit enfeksiyonları, özellikle Enterobius vermicularis akut apandisite sebep olabilir. Ancak patogenezdeki rolleri belirsizliğini korumaktadır. Çalışmamızda parazitle ilişkili apandisitin en sık sebebi Enterobius vermicularis idi.