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With the growth of parental employment, leave policy is at the centre of welfare state development and at the heart of countries' child and family policies. It is widely recognised as an essential element for attaining important demographic, social and economic goals and is the point where many different policy areas intersect: child well-being, family, gender equality, employment and labour markets, and demography. Leave policy, therefore, gives a unique insight into a country's values, interests and priorities. International comparisons of leave policy are widely available, but far less attention has been paid to understanding the factors that bring about these variations. The politics of parental leave policies makes good this omission. Looking at parental leave policy within a wider work/family context, it addresses how and why, and by whom, particular policies are created and subsequently developed in particular countries. Chapters covering 15 countries in Europe and beyond and the European Union bring together leading academic experts to provide a unique insight into the past, present and future state of this key policy area. The politics of parental leave policies is essential reading for students, teachers and researchers in social policy, child and family policy, welfare states, gender relations and equality, and employment and labour markets, providing an opportunity to study in depth the creation of social policy. It will also be of interest to policy makers in national governments and international organisations.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity (PA) has a profound impact on health and development in children. Parental behaviors (i.e., modeling and support) represent an obvious important factor in child PA. The purpose of this paper was to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis that overcomes the limitations of prior narrative reviews and quantitative reviews with small samples. METHODS: Ten major databases were used in the literature search. One-hundred and fifteen studies passed the eligibility criteria. Both fixed and random effects models with correction for sampling and measurement error were examined in the analysis. Moderator analyses investigating the effects of child’s developmental age, study design, parental gender, measurement of child PA, and quality rating were performed. RESULTS: Based on the random effects model, the results showed that parental modeling was weakly associated with child PA (summary r = .16, 95% CI .09-.24) and none of the proposed moderators were significant. Separate analyses examining the moderating effects of parental gender and boys’ PA found that that father-son PA modeling (r = .29, 95% CI .21-.36) was significantly higher compared to mother-son PA (r = .19, 95% CI .14-.23; p < .05). However, parental gender did not moderate the relationship between parental modeling and girls’ PA (p > .05). The random effects model indicated an overall moderate effect size for the parental support and child PA relationship (summary r = .38, 95% CI .30-.46). Here, the only significant moderating variable was the measurement of child PA (objective: r = .20, 95% CI .13-.26; reported: r = .46, 95% CI .37-.55; p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Parental support and modeling relate to child PA, yet our results revealed a significant degree of heterogeneity among the studies that could not be explained well by our proposed moderators.

By the early 21st century, most high-income countries have put into effect a host of generous and virtually gender-neutral parental leave policies and family benefits, with the multiple goals of gender equity, higher fertility, and child development. What have been the effects? Proponents typically emphasize the contribution of family policies to the goals of gender equity and child development, enabling women to combine careers and motherhood, and altering social norms regarding gender roles. Opponents often warn that family policies may become a long-term hindrance to women's careers because of the loss of work experience and the higher costs to employers that hire women of childbearing age. We draw lessons from existing work and our own analysis on the effects of parental leave and other interventions aimed at aiding families. We present country- and micro-level evidence on the effects of family policy on gender outcomes, focusing on female employment, gender gaps in earnings, and fertility. Most estimates range from negligible to a small positive impact. But the verdict is far more positive for the beneficial impact of spending on early education and child care.

This study examines the influence of punitive parental discipline on child-to-parent violence (CPV). The moderating roles of parental context (stress and parental ineffectiveness), mode of implementation of parental discipline (parental impulsivity or warmth/support) and the gender of the aggressor in the relationship between punitive discipline and CPV are examined. The study included 1543 university students between 18 and 25 years old (50.2% males, Mage = 19.9 years, SD = 1.9) who retrospectively described their experience between the ages of 12 and 17 years old. The results indicated that stress, ineffectiveness and parental impulsivity increase the negative effect of punitive discipline on CPV. There is no moderating effect of parental warmth/support. The gender of the aggressor is only a moderator in the case of violence toward the father, and the effect of punitive discipline is stronger in males than in females. The study draws conclusions regarding the importance of context and the mode by which parents discipline their children, aspects that can aggravate the adverse effects of physical and psychological punishment on CPV. It is necessary for interventions to focus not only on promoting positive disciplinary strategies but also on the mode in which they are administered and on contextual aspects.

Relocation cases are disputes between separated parents which arise when one parent proposes to move to a new geographic location with their child and the other parent objects to the proposal. Relocation disputes are widely recognised as being amongst the most difficult cases facing family courts, and the law governing them is increasingly a cause for debate at both national and international levels. In Relocation Disputes: Law and Practice in England and New Zealand, Rob George looks at the different ways in which the legal systems of England and New Zealand currently deal with relocation cases. Drawing on case law, literature and the views of legal practitioners in the two jurisdictions, Relocation Disputes represents a major contribution to our understanding of the everyday practice of relocation cases. The empirical data reported in this book reveal the practical differences between the English and New Zealand approaches to relocation, along with a detailed analysis of the pros and cons of each system as seen by judges, lawyers and court experts who deal with these cases in practice. This analysis leads to detailed criticisms and lessons that can be learnt, together with practical suggestions about possible reforms of relocation law.

The authors' goal was to identify ways in which Korean immigrant parents define the concept of parental involvement and to examine the statistical significances of interrelationships among these meanings. Seventy-seven parents responded to an open-ended question that asked them to define the meaning of parental involvement; 141 responses were analyzed. Qualitative analysis resulted in four distinct categories: (a) support at home (68.8%), (b) home-school connection (17.7%), (c) participation in school (5.0%), and (d) duty (8.5%). The category of support at home was divided into three subcategories: Support of nonacademic development (31.9%), support of emotional psychological development (29.1%), and support of academic success (7.8%). A correlational analysis indicated that support of emotional psychological development was negatively correlated with home-school connection and support of academic success. The parents who considered parental involvement to be their duty did not perceive their roles as participating in home-school connections and supporting nonacademic development activities.

Grounded in Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection Theory, this study assessed children’s (N = 1315) perceptions of maternal and paternal acceptance-rejection in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States) as predictors of children’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors across ages 7–14 years. Parenting behaviors were measured using children’s reports on the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire. Child externalizing and internalizing behaviors were measured using mother, father, and child reports on the Achenbach System of Empirically-Based Assessment. Using a multilevel modeling framework, we found that in cultures where both maternal and paternal indifference/neglect scores were higher than average–compared to other cultures–children’s internalizing problems were more persistent. At the within-culture level, all four forms of maternal and paternal rejection (i.e., coldness/lack of affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, and undifferentiated rejection) were independently associated with either externalizing and internalizing problems across ages 7–14 even after controlling for child gender, parent education, and each of the four forms of parental rejection. Results demonstrate that the effects of perceived parental acceptance-rejection are panculturally similar.HighlightsStudied effects of parent coldness, hostility, neglect, and rejection on age 7–14 mental health in 12 cultural groups.In cultures where mother and father neglect was higher than average, children’s internalizing problems persisted.Higher than culturally-average levels of the 4 parenting behaviors predicted higher externalizing/internalizing problems.These between- and within-culture parenting effects persisted controlling for child gender and parent education.Results demonstrate that the effects of perceived parental acceptance-rejection are panculturally similar.

Introduction: Parental involvement plays a pivotal role in shaping the athletic development and psychological well-being of young athletes. While support can enhance motivation and performance, excessive pressure may lead to anxiety and emotional distress. Understanding this dynamic is essential in promoting healthy youth sports experiences. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the dual impact of parental support and pressure on the performance and psychological state of young athletes, with particular attention to differences across gender and socioeconomic status. Methodology: A mixed-method approach employed, combining quantitative data collected from 100 young athletes through validated Likert-scale questionnaires, and qualitative insights gathered via semi-structured interviews. Statistical analyses included independent T-tests and ANOVA to examine group differences, while thematic content analysis conducted on interview responses to identify recurring emotional and cognitive themes. Discussion: Quantitative findings revealed significant differences in perceptions of parental support and pressure across gender and income groups. Male athletes reported higher levels of perceived support, while female athletes expressed greater emotional strain. Qualitative analysis identified key themes such as emotional reinforcement, conditional approval, and performance-related anxiety. Many athletes noted that genuine encouragement from parents increased resilience, whereas conditional praise and high expectations contributed to anxiety and decreased motivation. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex interplay between parental behavior and youth athlete development. While supportive parenting fosters confidence and persistence, perceived pressure can lead to psychological burdens. These insights underscore the need for parent education programs that promote balanced involvement, particularly in socioeconomically diverse and high-pressure athletic environments. Introducción: La participación parental desempeña un papel fundamental en el desarrollo deportivo y el bienestar psicológico de los jóvenes atletas. Si bien el apoyo puede mejorar la motivación y el rendimiento, la presión excesiva puede provocar ansiedad y angustia emocional. Comprender esta dinámica es esencial para promover experiencias deportivas saludables en jóvenes atletas. Objetivos: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar el doble impacto del apoyo y la presión parental en el rendimiento y el estado psicológico de los jóvenes atletas, prestando especial atención a las diferencias según el género y el nivel socioeconómico. Metodología: Se empleó un enfoque mixto, combinando datos cuantitativos recopilados de 100 jóvenes atletas mediante cuestionarios validados de escala Likert, e información cualitativa obtenida mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los análisis estadísticos incluyeron pruebas T independientes y ANOVA para examinar las diferencias entre los grupos, mientras que se realizó un análisis de contenido temático de las respuestas de las entrevistas para identificar temas emocionales y cognitivos recurrentes. Discusión: Los hallazgos cuantitativos revelaron diferencias significativas en la percepción del apoyo y la presión parental según el género y el nivel socioeconómico. Los atletas masculinos reportaron mayores niveles de apoyo percibido, mientras que las atletas femeninas expresaron mayor tensión emocional. El análisis cualitativo identificó temas clave como el refuerzo emocional, la aprobación condicional y la ansiedad relacionada con el rendimiento. Muchos atletas observaron que el apoyo genuino de los padres aumentaba la resiliencia, mientras que los elogios condicionales y las altas expectativas contribuían a la ansiedad y reducían la motivación. Conclusión: El estudio destaca la compleja interacción entre el comportamiento parental y el desarrollo de los jóvenes atletas. Si bien la crianza con apoyo fomenta la confianza y la perseverancia, la presión percibida puede generar cargas psicológicas. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de programas de educación parental que promuevan una participación equilibrada, especialmente en entornos deportivos socioeconómicamente diversos y de alta presión. Introdução: O envolvimento dos pais desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento atlético e no bem-estar psicológico dos jovens atletas. Embora o apoio possa aumentar a motivação e o desempenho, a pressão excessiva pode levar à ansiedade e ao sofrimento emocional. Compreender esta dinâmica é essencial para promover experiências atléticas saudáveis ​​nos jovens atletas. Objectivos: Este estudo teve como objectivo explorar o duplo impacto do apoio e da pressão dos pais no desempenho e no estado psicológico dos jovens atletas, com especial atenção às diferenças por género e nível socioeconómico. Metodologia: Foi empregue uma abordagem de método misto, combinando dados quantitativos recolhidos junto de 100 jovens atletas através de questionários validados em escala Likert e informação qualitativa obtida através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As análises estatísticas incluíram testes t independentes e ANOVA para examinar as diferenças entre os grupos, enquanto uma análise temática de conteúdo das respostas das entrevistas foi conduzida para identificar temas emocionais e cognitivos recorrentes. Discussão: Os achados quantitativos revelaram diferenças significativas na perceção de apoio e pressão dos pais por género e nível socioeconómico. Os atletas do sexo masculino reportaram níveis mais elevados de perceção de apoio, enquanto as atletas do sexo feminino expressaram maior stress emocional. A análise qualitativa identificou temas-chave como o reforço emocional, a aprovação condicional e a ansiedade relacionada com o desempenho. Muitos atletas observaram que o apoio parental genuíno aumentou a resiliência, enquanto os elogios condicionais e as expectativas elevadas contribuíram para a ansiedade e reduziram a motivação. Conclusão: O estudo destaca a complexa interação entre o comportamento parental e o desenvolvimento dos jovens atletas. Embora o apoio parental promova a confiança e a perseverança, a pressão percebida pode criar sobrecargas psicológicas. Estas descobertas reforçam a necessidade de programas de educação parental que promovam uma participação equilibrada, especialmente em ambientes desportivos socioeconomicamente diversos e de alta pressão.

Abstract The relationship between parents and children and human development has been the greatest interest to Psychology because it impacts the youth’s behaviour and well being. Thus, this study aimed to investigate parental styles adopted by adolescents’ parents from a combination of responsiveness and demandingness dimensions as well as by gender and age group. 296 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (M=16.03; DP=0.96), high school students from public and private schools in the city of Passo Fundo/RS and surrounding area participated of this study. We used a sociodemographic data questionnaire constructed for the study and Scale of Parental Responsiveness and Demandingness. The analysis revealed that there was a balance between the perception of neglectful (33.1%) e authoritative (32.7%) styles, followed by authoritarian (17.3%) and permissive (16.9%) styles. There were no statistical differences between responsiveness and demandingness and sex. The younger adolescents perceive their mothers as significantly more demanding when compared to the older ones. The same occured with the combined demandingness. The results also indicate that there were statistically significant differences in the perception of responsiveness and demandingness by age group. The findings of this study suggest further investigations, relating parental styles with other variables of influence and evidence the need of parental training for parents who adopt neglectful style. Resumo A interação entre pais e filhos e desenvolvimento humano tem sido de grande interesse para a Psicologia, por influenciar o comportamento e o bem-estar dos adolescentes. Assim, este estudo objetivou investigar o estilo parental adotado pelos cuidadores dos adolescentes a partir do cruzamento das dimensões exigência e responsividade, como também por sexo e faixa etária. Participaram 296 adolescentes de idades entre 14 a 19 anos (M = 16,03; DP = 0,96), estudantes de ensino médio de escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Passo Fundo/RS e região. Como instrumento para a pesquisa, foi utilizado um questionário de dados sociodemográficos construído para o estudo e Escala de Responsividade e Exigência Parental. As análises dos dados revelaram um equilíbrio entre percentual de pais com estilo parental negligente (33,1%) e autoritativo/competente (32,7%), seguidos o estilo autoritário (17,3%) e permissivo (16,9%). Não houve diferença significativa nas médias de responsividade e exigência por sexo. Os adolescentes mais novos percebem suas mães significativamente mais exigentes quando comparados com adolescentes mais velhos. O mesmo ocorre na exigência combinada. Os resultados ainda indicam que houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na percepção de responsividade e exigência por faixa etária. Os achados deste estudo sugerem maiores investigações, relacionando os estilos parentais com outras variáveis de influência e evidenciam a necessidade de treinamento parental pais que adotam estilo negligente. Resumen La interacción entre padres e hijos y el desarrollo humano ha sido de gran interés para la Psicología, por influenciar el comportamiento y el bienestar de los adolescentes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio ha sido investigar el estilo parental adoptado por los cuidadores de adolescentes a partir del cruce de las dimensiones exigencia y sensibilidad, como también por sexo y edad. Participaron 296 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años de edad (M = 16,03; DE = 0,96) estudiantes de Enseñanza Secundaria de escuelas públicas y privadas de la ciudad de Passo Fundo/ RS y región. Como instrumentos para la investigación fue utilizado, un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos construído para este estudio y la Escala de Sensibilidad y Exigencia Parental. Los análisis de los datos revelaron un equilibrio entre porcentaje de padres con estilo parental negligente (33,1%) y autoritario/competente (32,7%), seguidos del estilo autoritario (17,3%) y permisivo (16,9%). No se han encontrado diferencias significativas en las medias de sensibilidad y exigencias por sexo. Los adolescentes más jóvenes perciben a sus madres un poco más exigentes en comparación con adolescentes mayores. Lo mismo ocurre en la exigencia combinada. Sin embargo, los resultados indican que hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en percepción de sensibilidad y exigencia según la edad. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren mayores investigaciones, relacionando los estilos parentales con otras variables de influencia y evidencian la necesidad de capacitar a los padres que adoptan el estilo negligente.

This analysis uses March Current Population Survey data from 1999 to 2010 and a differences-in-differences approach to examine how Californias first in the nation paid family leave (PFL) program affected leave-taking by mothers following childbirth, as well as subsequent labor market outcomes. We obtain robust evidence that the California program doubled the overall use of maternity leave, increasing it from an average of three to six weeks for new mothers—with some evidence of particularly large growth for less advantaged groups. We also provide evidence that PFL increased the usual weekly work hours of employed mothers of 1-to 3-year-old children by 10 to 17 percent and that their wage incomes may have risen by a similar amount.