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Currencies, commodities and consumption : measurement and the world economy
\"Currency values, prices, consumption and incomes are at the heart of the economic performance of all countries. In order to make a meaningful comparison between one economy and another, economists routinely make use of purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, but whilst PPP rates are widely used and well understood they take a lot of effort to produce and suffer from publication delays. Currencies, Commodities and Consumption analyses the strengths and weaknesses of two alternatives to PPP. Firstly, the so-called 'Big Mac Index' which uses hamburger prices as a standard of measurement and secondly, a less well known technique which infers incomes across countries based on the proportion of consumption devoted to food. Kenneth Clements uses international macroeconomics, microeconomic theory and econometrics to provide researchers and policy makers with insights into alternatives to PPP rates and make sense of the ongoing instability of exchange rates and commodity prices\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Gender Parity in Urbanizing City: A Case Study of Barasat City, India
For sustainable urbanization, promoting equal value for men and women is indispensable. Although an urban environment provides women greater admittance to education, health and well-being, jobs, services, and infrastructure, compared to women living in rural areas, there are still disparities in access and opportunities for women within a city. The study emphasizes adopting a comprehensive and intersectional approach to assess the spatial variation of gender equality, which takes into account the multidimensional nature of gender-driven disparities and the effect of unplanned urbanization by integrating geoinformatics with geostatistics. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to create a composite index of gender parity that covers multiple dimensions of gender parity, i.e., health parity, social parity, economic parity, education parity, and empowerment parity. The use of the local indicator of spatial association statistics has conclusively demonstrated the capability of identifying specific clusters of greater gender parity and outliers. The built-up area has been estimated by remote sensing technique, and the percentage of built-up has been used as the measure of the level of urbanization. The correlation allows the calculation of relationships among different dimensions of gender parity and built-up percentage. It has been found that the built-up strongly influences economic parity followed by health and educational parity. While correlating among the dimensions of gender parity, it has been observed that educational parity has the strongest impact on improving overall gender parity. By identifying spatial locations of poor gender parity and the key determinants of gender parity, policymakers can allocate resources and develop targeted interventions to address the specific needs of those areas. Additionally, incorporating gender parity considerations into urban planning can help ensure that urban development is more inclusive and responsive to the needs of women.
Journal Article
Blind recognition of sparse parity‐check matrices of low‐density parity‐check codes in the presence of noise
This paper studies the blind recognition method of the sparse parity‐check matrices of low‐density parity‐check codes in noncooperative communication, which is critical to the reverse analysis of communication protocols using LDPC codes. In this paper, two improvements are made to the algorithm of Liu Qian et al. (2021) for this problem. Firstly, a Gaussian elimination method based on random column exchange and soft information is proposed to enhance the fault tolerance of the elimination process. Secondly, according to the sparse property of the parity‐check matrices of LDPC codes, a random extraction method is proposed to further improve the fault tolerance of the algorithm, and it is verified theoretically. Finally, simulations verify the superior performance of the algorithm proposed in this paper. This paper studies the blind recognition method of the sparse parity‐check matrices of low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes in noncooperative communication, which is critical to the reverse analysis of communication protocols using LDPC codes.
Journal Article
Is parity a protective factor in depression and IPV?
IntroductionIPV is a public health issue that is often linked to depression. Parity has often been mentioned as a protective factor against depression and suicide attempts. Despite this, parity in Latin America may not be related to positive outcomes for victims suffering from IPV as the stress of taking care of the children can result in a burden and worsen the symptoms of depression for the victim.ObjectivesDetermine the impact of Parity in victims suffering from IPV and Depression.MethodsA descriptive observational study was conducted, at the main Gender Violence Prosecutor’s office: Florida, Guayaquil-Ecuador. UCSG pre-medical students collected the information using Beck test for Depression. The total sample was 239: 195 women, 44 men. It was classified by groups, gender, marital status, children and severity of depression.ResultsThe data analyzed showed a higher percentage of Depression from IPV when parity is present.Severe Depression: Women with children 57 (29%), 8 men with children (18%). Women without children 22 (11%), men without children 6 (14%).Moderate depression: Women with children 28 (14%), 4 men with children (9%). Women without children 5 (3%), men without children 2 (5%).Mild Depression. Women with children 25 (13%), 7 men with children (16%). Women without children 6 (3%), men without children 2 (5%).ConclusionsAlthough some studies report having children as a protective factor in depression, this did not happen in this study. Financial violence is very common, so the mother does not receive any economic support from the father and has to take care of the children on her own. Social and hormonal factors also play a role, especially in women as they have more children. We believe that mental health clinicians should pay more attention to victims of IPV who have several children, especially in Latin America.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
Journal Article
Parity-enhanced quantum optimal measurements
In quantum metrology, measurement and estimation schemes are vital for achieving higher precision, along with initial state preparation. This article presents the compound measurement of parity and particle number, which is optimal for a broad range of states named equator states (ESs). ES encompasses most pure input states used in current studies and, more significantly, a wide range of mixed states. Moreover, the ES can be prepared directly using non-demolition parity measurement. We thus propose an improved quantum phase estimation protocol applicable to arbitrary input states, ensuring precision consistently surpassing that of the standard protocol. The proposed scheme is also demonstrated using a nonlinear interferometer, with the realization of the non-demolition parity measurement in atomic condensates.
Journal Article
Exchange Rates, Interest Rates, and the Risk Premium
The uncovered interest parity puzzle concerns the empirical regularity that high interest rate countries tend to have high expected returns on short term deposits. A separate puzzle is that high real interest rate countries tend to have currencies that are stronger than can be accounted for by the path of expected real interest differentials under uncovered interest parity. These two findings have apparently contradictory implications for the relationship of the foreign-exchange risk premium and interest-rate differentials. We document these puzzles, and show that existing models appear unable to account for both. A model that might reconcile the findings is discussed.
Journal Article
A Characterization for Graphs Having Strong Parity Factors
A graph
G
has the strong parity property if for every subset
X
⊆
V
(
G
)
with |
X
| even,
G
has a spanning subgraph
F
with minimum degree at least one such that
d
F
(
v
)
≡
1
(
mod
2
)
for all
v
∈
X
,
d
F
(
y
)
≡
0
(
mod
2
)
for all
y
∈
V
(
G
)
-
X
. Bujtás et al. (Graphs Combin 36(2020):1391–1399, 2020) introduced the concept and conjectured that every 2-edge-connected graph with minimum degree at least three has the strong parity property. In this paper, we give a characterization for graphs to have the strong parity property and construct a counterexample to disprove the conjecture proposed by Bujtás, Jendrol’ and Tuza.
Journal Article
Design and assessment of even parity generator and checker circuits for nanoscale communication networks using quantum dots
Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new nanoscale computing architecture that has ultra-low power, high device density, and possible applicability to future nano-communication systems. In this paper, we present optimized QCA-based even parity generator and parity checker circuits with efficient XOR logic. The proposed designs reduce area and cell count significantly while maintaining stable logical operation. The circuits were drawn and simulated in QCADesigner-E and analyzed using QCAPro for energy dissipation and polarization error. Results show that the proposed parity generator reduces 57% cell count and 20% area over existing designs, whereas the parity checker reduces 67% cell count and 12.5% area. These improvements indicate the potential of the proposed circuits for low-power and small-area error detection mechanisms in nanoscale communication systems.
Journal Article
Optimized Design of Distributed Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Coded Spatial Modulation
We propose a distributed quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) coded spatial modulation (D-QC-LDPCC-SM) scheme with source, relay and destination nodes. At the source and relay, two distinct QC-LDPC codes are used. The relay chooses partial source information bits for further encoding, and a distributed code corresponding to each selection is generated at the destination. To construct the best code, the optimal information bit selection algorithm by exhaustive search in the relay is proposed. However, the exhaustive-based search algorithm has large complexity for QC-LDPC codes with long block length. Then, we develop another low-complexity information bit selection algorithm by partial search. Moreover, the iterative decoding algorithm based on the three-layer Tanner graph is proposed at the destination to carry out joint decoding for the received signal. The recently developed polar-coded cooperative SM (PCC-SM) scheme does not adopt a better encoding method at the relay, which motivates us to compare it with the proposed D-QC-LDPCC-SM scheme. Simulations exhibit that the proposed exhaustive-based and partial-based search algorithms outperform the random selection approach by 1 and 1.2 dB, respectively. Because the proposed D-QC-LDPCC-SM system uses the optimized algorithm to select the information bits for further encoding, it outperforms the PCC-SM scheme by 3.1 dB.
Journal Article