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In rabbits' reproductive performance, litter size, birth weight, growth, and mortality rate are among the most important indicators to define the productive potential and they are associated with parity order. Birth weight and little size are valuable parameters as related to mortality and weaning weight. Thus, it is important to study individual newborn and intra-litter homogeneity parameters. This trial aimed to consider the litter homogeneity weight at birth, both within each litter and in the whole population, in order to suggest new proper within-litter homogenisation parameters. In this study, the 1st and 6th parity order had, respectively, the lowest and highest values in litter size (8.96 vs 12.39, n), born-alive (8.36 vs 12.22, n), litter weight (456.4 g vs 719.8, g), born-alive weight, and quartiles' homogeneity. These parameters decreased in greater parity orders. No significant effects on still-born numbers and mortality rates were evidenced. All these litter homogeneity evaluation parameters appeared interesting in describing differences between parity orders. The results confirmed that does parity order influences litter size and born-alive weight, but also the intra- and inter-litter homogenisation. Litter homogenisation is crucial to ensure a proportionate share of milk, more equal growth, and better productive performances. Based on these results, we suggest for the commercial genetic centres to equalise the litters according to the birth weight, by dividing the population into quartiles and rearing kits with light birth weight in smaller litters and those with heavier birth weight in larger litters. HIGHLIGHTS Does parity order influences litter size and born-alive weight Kit's quartiles distribution is a useful tool for equalisation practice

This study aimed to evaluate daily patterns of hourly milking frequency (MF) in dairy cows milked with an automatic milking system (AMSs), considering the effects of season, parity order (PO), days in milk (DIM), and milk yield (MY). A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on a commercial dairy farm in southern Brazil over one year using data from 130 Holstein cows and 94,611 milking events. MF data were analyzed using general linear models. Overall, hourly MF followed a consistent daily pattern, with peaks between 4:00 and 11:00 a.m. and between 2:00 and 6:00 p.m., regardless of season, PO, DIM, or MY category. MF was higher in primiparous (2.84/day, p = 0.0013), early-lactation (<106 DIM; 3.00/day, p < 0.0001), and high-yielding cows (≥45 L/day; 3.09/day, p < 0.0001). High-yielding cows also showed sustained milking activity into the late nighttime. Although seasonal and individual factors significantly affected MF, they had limited influence on the overall daily distribution of milkings. These results suggest stable behavioral patterns within the specific AMS management conditions observed in this study and suggest that adjusting milking permissions and feeding strategies based on cow characteristics may improve system efficiency.

A lactation length (LL) of 305 days in milk (DIM) does not fully represent the reality of milk yield and a great part of lactations extend beyond that period. This study aimed to compare the parameters of extended lactation curves with the traditional 305 DIM, considering parity orders (PO) in Holstein (HOL) and Jersey (JER) cows. Data were collected from 33,524 cows (31,194 HOL and 2,330 JER) across 544 dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil. Cows were classified by PO (primiparous, secundiparous, and multiparous) and LL, defined based on calving intervals of 11 to 13 months (LL305 D ), 13 to 15 months (LL365 D ), and 15 to 18 months (LL435 D ). Wood's model was used to estimate lactation parameters from a non-linear mixed model. Cows in LL435 D started with a higher milk yield (parameter A ) than those in LL305 D , with the greatest differences observed in multiparous HOL (3.3 L/d) and JER cows (2.1 L/d). However, the rate of increase in milk yield until peak (parameter B ) was lower in extended lactations, decreasing from ~ 0.24 to ~ 0.19 in HOL and from ~ 0.18 to ~ 0.14 in JER when comparing LL305 D to LL435 D , respectively. Extended lactations (LL365 D and LL435 D ) showed greater persistency (lower parameter C ) in both breeds, with primiparous cows in LL435 D being the most persistent (HOL = 0.0018, JER = 0.0016). HOL cows had higher initial milk yield and parameter B than JER cows across all POs and LLs. Primiparous HOL cows reached peak milk yield 13 days later in LL435 D compared to LL305 D . Total milk yield in the lactation increased, while daily mean milk yield per lactation day decreased with extended LL. Extended lactations improved milk yield persistency and could enhance cow longevity, efficiency, and lifetime production.

Gilts represent a group risk for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vertical transmission in swine herds. Therefore, parity segregation can be an alternative to control M. hyopneumoniae infections. The study evaluated the effect of parity segregation on M. hyopneumoniae infection dynamics and occurrence and severity of lung lesions at slaughter. For that, three multiple site herds were included in the study. Herd A consisted of the farm where gilts would have their first farrowing (parity order (PO) 1). After the first farrowing PO 1 sows were transferred to herd B (PO2-6). Herd C was a conventional herd with gilt replacement (PO1-6). Piglets born in each herd were raised in separated nursery and finishing units. Sows (n = 33 (A), 37 (B), 34 (C)) in all herds were sampled prior to farrowing and piglets (n = 54 (A), 71 (B), 66 (C)) were sampled longitudinally at 21, 63, 100, 140 days of age and at slaughter for M. hyopneumoniae detection by PCR and lung lesions scoring. M. hyopneumoniae prevalence in sows did not differ among herds. Prevalence of positive piglets was higher at weaning in the PO1 herd (A) (P < 0.05). However, prevalence of positive pigs from 100 days of age to slaughter age was higher in the PO2-6 herd (B) (P < 0.05). Lung lesion occurrence and severity were higher in herd B. The authors suggested that the lack of a proper gilt acclimation might have influenced the results, leading to sows being detected positive at farrowing, regardless of the parity. RESUMO: As leitoas consistem em um grupo de risco na transmissão vertical de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae dentro do sistema de produção de suínos. Dessa forma, a segregação de partos poderia ser utilizada como alternativa para controlar as infecções por M. hyopneumoniae. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da segregação de partos sobre a dinâmica de infecção de M. hyopneumoniae e a ocorrência e severidade das lesões pulmonares ao abate. Para isso três sistemas de produção de suínos com três sítios cada foram incluídos no estudo. A granja A consistia da unidade onde as leitoas tem o primeiro parto, ou seja, alojava somente de fêmeas de ordem de parto 1 (Granja OP1). Após o primeiro parto as fêmeas OP1 foram transferidas para a granja B (Granja OP2-6), ou seja, consistia de fêmeas de ordem de parto 2 a 6, e a granja C consistiu em uma granja convencional com reposição de leitoas (Granja OP1-6), com fêmeas de ordem de parto 1 a 6. Os leitões nascidos de cada granja foram transferidos e criados em creches e terminações segregadas. As matrizes (n = 33 (A), 37 (B), 34 (C)) de todas as granjas do estudo foram amostradas previamente ao parto e os leitões (n = 54 (A), 71 (B), 66 (C)) foram amostrados longitudinalmente aos 21, 63, 100 e 140 dias de idade e ao abate. Em todos os momentos de coleta, as amostras foram avaliadas por PCR para detecção de M. hyopneumoniae. As lesões pulmonares foram avaliadas e escores de lesão foram atribuídos ao abate. A prevalência de matrizes positivas para M. hyopneumoniae não diferiu entre as granjas (P > 0,05). A prevalência ao desmame foi maior na granja A (OP1) (P < 0,05). No entanto, dos 100 dias de idade até o abate a prevalência de leitões positivos para M. hyopneumoniae foi maior na granja B (OP2-6) (P < 0,05). A ocorrência e severidade de lesões pulmonares foram maiores na granja B. Os autores sugerem que a falta de uma aclimatação adequada das leitoas pode ter influenciado nos resultados, levando à detecção de matrizes positivas ao parto, independente da ordem de parto.

A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the recommended levels of digestible lysine and its influence on the productive performance of primiparous lactating sows. The database consisted of 26 publications, 138 diets and 3,820 sows was developed from articles on the association between, lysine, crude protein and lactating primiparous sows. The digestible lysine levels of the studies ranged from 0.22 to 1.43% with average values of 0.85% digestible lysine in the diet, with consumption of 41.25 g day-1. The digestible lysine intake of sows was positively correlated (P<0.05) with feed intake, essential amino acids, crude protein, metabolizable energy, body weight loss sows, milk production, number and weight of piglets at weaning. Digestible lysine intake showed negative correlation (P<0.05) with backfat thickness at weaning and weaning to oestrus interval. It was observed a quadratic effect (P<0.01) of body weight loss sow and daily weight gain of piglets and a quadratic effect (P<0.01) in the weight of piglets at weaning due to increased dietary lysine level. The level of 1.04% of digestible lysine indicates less weight loss sows. The greater weight of piglets at weaning and increased daily weight gain of piglets was verified with the addition of 1.30 and 1.07% digestible lysine in the diet, respectively. RESUMO: Realizou-se a meta-análise com o objetivo de determinar o nível recomendado de lisina digestível e sua influência sobre o desempenho produtivo de porcas primíparas lactantes. A base de dados composta por 26 publicações, 138 dietas e 3.820 fêmeas foi desenvolvida a partir de artigos sobre a associação entre, lisina, proteína bruta e porcas primíparas lactantes. Os níveis de lisina digestível dos estudos variaram de 0,22 a 1,43% com valores médios de 0,85% de lisina digestível nas dietas, com consumo de 41,25 g dia-1. O consumo de lisina digestível das porcas apresentou correlação positiva (P<0,05) com o consumo de ração, aminoácidos essenciais, proteína bruta, energia metabolizável, perda de peso corporal da porca, produção de leite, número e peso de leitões ao desmame. O consumo de lisina indicou correlação negativa (P<0,05) para espessura de toucinho ao desmame e intervalo desmame-cio. Observou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,01) da perda de peso corporal da porca e ganho de peso diário dos leitões e efeito quadrático (P<0,01) do peso dos leitões ao desmame em função do aumento do nível de lisina da dieta. O nível de 1,04% de lisina digestível indica a menor perda de peso da porca. O maior peso dos leitões ao desmame e maior ganho de peso diário dos leitões é verificado com a inclusão de 1,30 e 1,07% de lisina digestível na dieta, respectivamente.

The overload of data always threatens the reliability of storage system. The RAID-6 storage system provides higher reliability and flexible scalability. RAID-6 scaling can rapidly relieve the insufficient storage capacity in a short time. Therefore, this paper proposes Horizontal Data migration Scaling (HDS), an efficient RAID-6 scaling scheme, for HDP Code. First, it only migrates a small amount of data from the old disk to the new disk to regain I/O load balancing among all disks including old and new. Second, it optimizes the update order of anti-diagonal parity data to reduce the cost of parity data update. By numerical results and real experimental data analysis, this paper compares the performance of HDS to Round-Robin and Semi-RR. Compared with Round-Robin and Semi-RR, the final analysis results indicate: (1) HDS reduces the data migration by 59.9 ∼ 83.3%; (2) HDS decreases the total cost of XOR operations by 36.84 ∼ 71.43% and 66.04 ∼ 76.92%; (3) HDS improves the total scaling time by 43.78 ∼ 61.83% and 16.39 ∼ 48.89% under offline.

In this article, we solve some word equations originated from discrete dynamical systems related to antisymmetric cubic map. These equations emerge when we work with primitive and greatest words. In particular, we characterize all the cases for which < β 1 β ¯ 1 > = < β 2 β ¯ 2 > where β 1 and β 2 are the greatest words in ≪ β 1 ≫ and ≪ β 2 ≫ of M ( n ).

In this paper, we study the combinatorial properties ol words m chscrete dynamical systems from antisymmetric cubic maps. We also discuss the relationship of primitive kneading sequences of length n and period-doubling kneading sequences of length 2n, and then determine the number of all kneading sequences of length n.

In seeking for more effective ways of fertility control and improvement of maternal and child health through birth spacing in a predominantly patrilineal society like Nigeria, this study explores how the sex of a previous child affects birth interval among ethnic groups, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables. The study utilized birth history data from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The findings showed that the effect of sex of prior births on the birth interval is slightly significant among the Igbo and the Southern minorities, who tend to desire to have a male child sooner if preceding births were female. Among all the ethnic groups, women who are yet to meet their ideal sex preference have a shorter birth interval than those who have. Apart from the evident sex preferences, these results suggest that Nigerian parents also undertake sex balancing among their children. There is a consistent and strong relationship between the survival of a child and subsequent birth interval, which suggest that women have a short birth interval, and hence a large family size, because they are not certain that their children would survive. Tout en recherchant des moyens du contrôle de fertilité et l'amélioration de la santé maternelle et infantile à travers l'espacement des naissances dans un pays qui est essentiellement patrilinéal comme le Nigéria, cette étude explore la façon dont le sexe de l'enfant précédent affecte l'intervalle des naissances chez les groupes ethniques, en contrôlant pour des variables démographiques et sociaux. L'étude s'est servie des données sur l'histoire de naissances tirées de l'Enquete Nigériane sur la Démographie et la Santé de 2008. Les résultats ont montré que l'effet du sexe des enfants précédents sur l'intervalle des naissances est significatif chez les Igbo et les minorités du sud qui ont la tendance à vouloir un enfant male plus tot si les enfants précédents était des femelles. Parmi tous les groupes ethniques, les femmes qui n'ont pas encore eu le sexe désiré ont un plus court intervalle des naissances que celles qui l'ont. A part les préférences de sexe évidentes, les résultats indiquent que les parents nigérians entreprennent également l'équilibre de sexes parmi leurs enfants.. Il y a un rapport consistent et fort entre la survie d'un enfant et l'intervalle éventuel qui suggère que les femmes ont un court intervalle des naissances et en conséquence, beaucoup d'enfants parce qu'elles ne sont pas sûres si leurs enfants vont survivre.

SignificanceSr2RuO4 is distinctive among unconventional superconductors, in that in addition to exhibiting evidence for strong correlations, it is stoichiometric and extremely clean. As a result, its electronic structure is unusually well characterized, rendering it an ideal platform for developing a deep understanding of the mechanism behind the emergence of the superconducting state from a Fermi liquid. Toward that end, an unambiguous determination of the pairing symmetry is an essential step. For more than 2 decades, the preponderance of evidence pointed to a triplet spin pairing state and only recently has this interpretation been challenged. By field-dependent NMR Knight shift measurements, we eliminate from further consideration all candidate purely odd-parity triplet pairing states. Unambiguous identification of the superconducting order parameter symmetry in Sr2RuO4 has remained elusive for more than a quarter century. While a chiral p-wave ground state analogue to superfluid 3He-A was ruled out only very recently, other proposed triplet-pairing scenarios are still viable. Establishing the condensate magnetic susceptibility reveals a sharp distinction between even-parity (singlet) and odd-parity (triplet) pairing since the superconducting condensate is magnetically polarizable only in the latter case. Here field-dependent 17O Knight shift measurements, being sensitive to the spin polarization, are compared to previously reported specific heat measurements for the purpose of distinguishing the condensate contribution from that due to quasiparticles. We conclude that the shift results can be accounted for entirely by the expected field-induced quasiparticle response. An upper bound for the condensate magnetic response of <10% of the normal state susceptibility is sufficient to exclude all purely odd-parity candidates.