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Cross-country estimation work consistently finds that coefficients on statutory pension ages are positive and highly statistically significant in explaining labour force participation at older ages. However, the estimated effects are surprisingly modest when translated into the implied effect on the average effective age of retirement, which typically only increases by about 2 months for every year by which the statutory retirement age increases. This paper shows that grouping countries with similar pension systems, allowing for time heterogeneity and introducing other modelling choices, can improve the estimates of the effect of changes to the pension system. In countries in which there are alternative early retirement pathways or voluntary private pension systems, the effect of changes in statutory retirement ages tends to be dampened. However, for other countries, the effect of changes in statutory pension ages can be around two to three times larger than the typical finding from pooled country estimations.

The raising of the participation age (RPA) to 17 in 2013 and 18 in 2015 marks a historic expansion of compulsory education. Despite the tendency of New Labour governments to eschew historical understanding and explanation, RPA was conceived with the benefit of an analysis of previous attempts to extend compulsion in schooling. This paper assesses the value of a historical understanding of education policy. The period from inception to the projected implementation of RPA is an extended one which has crossed over the change of government, from Labour to Coalition, in 2010. The shifting emphases and meanings of RPA are not simply technical issues but connect to profound historical and social changes. An analysis of the history of the raising of the school leaving age reveals many points of comparison with the contemporary situation. In a number of key areas it is possible to gain insights into the ways in which the study of the past can help to comprehend the present: the role of human capital, the structures of education, in curriculum development and in terms of preparations for change.

As smoking cessation is crucial for both individual and public health, this study aimed to elucidate the association between changes in social capital and in terms of smoking at the level of municipal units in Japan. Using repeated cross-sectional data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study, we analyzed data from adults aged 65 years or older from 69 municipal units that participated in two survey waves. We received valid responses from 91,529 and 86,403 older people in 2013 and 2019, respectively, and aggregated all variables by municipal units. For the dependent variable, we used the units’ prevalence of smoking for both years. The independent variables were the percentages of social capital indicators, such as social participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity for each of the 69 municipal units. The mean prevalence of smoking increased from 9.7% in 2013 to 10.2% in 2019. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increases in the percentages of sports group participation, receiving emotional and instrumental social support, and reciprocity were significantly associated with decreased prevalence of smoking, after we adjusted for confounding variables. This study indicates that building social capital might be useful in promoting smoking cessation and that its indicators could be useful in monitoring efforts.

The attainment in national examinations and progress of pupils to the age of 16 in London is the highest in England. Nevertheless, there is still a significant number of 16- to 19-year-olds who are not in employment, education, or training (NEET). Those who are the most vulnerable to becoming NEET are the young people who have disengaged from mainstream education. This article draws on a comprehensive examination of the effectiveness of an alternative education provision (AEP) for pupils who were disengaged from mainstream schools in one London local authority. Through the application of Bronfenbrenner's ecosystems theory, the study explored the impact of different ecosystems on young people's disengagement. The findings in evaluation studies of other AEPs and the findings in this study indicate that AEPs – and the curriculum, pedagogy, and pastoral care that they offer – can, and do, make a considerable difference to the educational outcomes of disadvantaged children, as well as offering insights for mainstream education. Thus, the study contributes to the current debate on the organization and structure of the 14–19 education system in England under raising the participation age (RPA) to 18, the new legislation that came into force this academic year.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the challenges and approaches taken to address the issue of NEETs in North East England. The area around Redcar in East Cleveland has high levels of unemployment, particularly youth unemployment. This paper compared actions taken in England in the support offered to disaffected youth and reports on the strategy pursued in East Cleveland. Design/methodology/approach – The research was primarily desk-based, interrogating Government publications as well as that generated by executive agencies and local educational institutions. A number of key figures were surveyed in addition to obtain a grounded insight into the challenges that confront those who work in this area. Findings – This study identified areas of good practice that could be considered elsewhere. Its conclusions emphasise that solutions to the NEETs problem are to be found in bespoke and individually focused programmes that value the contribution of young people to society and aim to build their self-esteem and confidence. It also highlights the importance of inter-agency cooperation and joined up strategic planning. Research limitations/implications – This study would have benefited from the opportunity to survey the views of young people involved in support programmes. Given issues of confidentiality, this was not possible. Originality/value – This study adds to the literature generated by Government bodies and educational institutions on the issue of disaffected youth. Its value lies in its reference to a specific geographic area and its insight into the work of local professionals in tackling this complex social issue.

Starting with the generations born in the 1920s, female labour force participation and employment rates in France have increased rapidly across cohorts, gradually narrowing the gap with men. This rise in women's activity has contributed to economic growth and raised household incomes. It is also key to women's financial autonomy. But is this uptrend still observed among the most recent cohorts? Are women's employment rates still moving towards those of men? Using the latest available data, Henri Martin examines the patterns of change under way.

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Today's participants expect to be able to pick up any device at any time and access the information they are seeking. Therefore, the first order of the discover principle is to make sure one's product or service can actually be found. This means making every element of information findable and not just what the product is and why it's great, but everything around it. This chapter highlights that humans have an innate desire to continually learn and find out more information. Although this has remained relatively constant for thousands of years, the desire to learn right here, right now is a relatively recent phenomenon. In the Participation Age, humans are able to immediately turn to the computer on their desk or the one in their pocket to access information about something applicable to them at the very moment it's relevant. The chapter concludes that the discover principle is about making sure that one's product, service, and brand can be found and continually creating and curating relevant content to help participants feel more competent about the product or service or brand.

Today's environment is more social and communal, more fragmented, more transparent, more personal, and always on. The Participation Age has also forever altered the companies that are struggling to thrive in this new world and to deliver their offerings using what they know. Brands are still using the traditional reach broadcast media model whose goal is to reach as many people as possible and try to influence or persuade them about a product or service. Persuasion was always the key skill here, because the message was the most important deliverable. The mobile explosion has also added a layer of complexity; although location meant nothing 10 years to, it is everything today. This has led to a rapid, dynamic, chaotically complex marketplace. There is every indication that the one constant in marketing will be incessant, rapid change. Marketing in the Participation Age requires new dynamic and non‐linear models.

Advertising as a concept was not a new phenomenon in the 1960s. This chapter points out that the television technology was actually developed before commercial radio. Reach is an important discussion point for now, however, because it is still being used as a basis for planning marketing programs. Effective reach and reach are two different measurements for a target audience who receives a given message or ad. Reach proved to be an effective way to market goods and services and one reason for this was the limitation of the media landscape itself. Media agencies have long been the owners of the media formulas and most brands expect their media partners to apply these formulas to achieve an appropriate marketing return. Share of voice is a classic push marketing tool that fails to capture today's earned or owned media. The Participation Age is a time of transition for marketers.