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The development of digital technology in mathematics education continues to face challenges, particularly in settings with multidimensional resource limitations. This study was conducted in Indonesia, specifically in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Eastern Indonesia. I employed constructivist grounded theory methodology (CGTM) to examine how mathematics teachers manage digital technology in resource-constrained environments. Eight teachers were selected through theoretical sampling. Data were collected through interviews and participatory observations. I analyzed the data through CGTM using ATLAS.ti 24, including initial, focused, and axial coding, supported by memo writing. Abductive logic guided the interpretation. The analysis indicated that infrastructure limitations, internet access, and teacher competence affected teachers' autonomy in using educational technology. Digitally competent teachers demonstrated adaptive strategies and pedagogical independence, enabling them to navigate constraints and support students' computational and metacognitive development. I offer a conceptual framework for digital technology integration in low-resource contexts and provide practical insights for policy design, reflecting teachers' instrumental views on technology (WEBSTER, 2016). This builds on CGTM's adaptability to shifting social realities (CHARMAZ & KELLER, 2016), extending CHARMAZ's legacy through the application of CGTM in complex educational settings.

Recycling and source separation (R&SS) are believed to have been the first attempt to minimise waste. This research adopted mixed methods that followed sequential quantitative then qualitative data collection, combining questionnaire surveys from 100 households, semi-structured interviews, and participatory observations to study the human dimension of waste generation and management. Scoring Assessment (with modified Bloom’s Cut Off point) indicated that households had moderate knowledge and positive attitudes yet poor behaviour, and these three components indicated no linear associations, tested using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. However, age group, marital status, educational level and living duration showed statistical significance with households’ participation in source separation through Chi-Square Test. Meanwhile, observation data showed that waste management mechanisms and environment had inefficiently supported households’ participation in R&SS practices (external factors: poor accessibility to services, lack of tangible incentives, and absence of restriction in consumption). Elicited data indicated that a satisfactory level of intentions, knowledge, and willingness, together with good habit and quality persuasion (internal factors), were required to drive good behaviour. Subsequently, a series of recommendations were formulated to promote gradual yet solid transformation of the waste management system, tapping on existing initiatives by considering additional parameters upon the gap in households’ knowledge, attitude, and behaviour.

Na početku XXI. stoljeća promatranje sa sudjelovanjem i promatranje bez sudjelovanja i u metodološkoj literaturi i u istraživačkoj praksi razdvojeni su više nego ikad. Navodno oštra razlika između kvalitativne i kvantitativne metodologije dezintegrirala je metodu promatranja i otežala razmatranje njezinih mogućnosti i ograničenja. Uloga »čistog promatrača«, osim u psihologiji i etologiji, umnogome je podcijenjena. Smještena je u kvantitativnu metodologiju, a u okviru kvalitativne metodologije nije ostalo prostora za podrobnije razmatranje mogućnosti (i ograničenja) koje pruža primjena uloge promatrača-sudionika. Ta vrlo zahvalna uloga uvelike je zanemarena u metodološkoj literaturi. Suženo je i shvaćanje mogućnosti sudioničkog promatranja. Njegov glavni cilj ne mora biti da se iz prve ruke ispita društvena situacija iz perspektive promatranih. Nije isključiva zadaća promatranja sa sudjelovanjem da razumije, a promatranja bez sudjelovanja da objasni. Iako participiranje (praćeno introspekcijom) nesporno jača senzibilitet za subjektivnu dimenziju promatranih pojava, promatranje sa sudjelovanjem ne samo da može služiti otkrivanju, osnaživanju ili opovrgavanju kauzalnih objašnjenja, nego je nemoguće zamisliti, barem u društvenim znanostima, »čisto promatranje « potpuno lišeno empatije. Uz predstavljanje i problematiziranje stanja stvari vezanog uz uloge promatrača u empirijskim istraživanjima u društvenim znanostima, autor u ovom radu nastoji argumentirati da je metodološko naglašavanje razlika između uloga promatrača umnogome posljedica utjecaja i interesa koji dolaze iz širega društvenog okruženja.

The goal of this paper is to explore whether there is potential in the Warsaw community to develop urban gardens (UG) to foster adaptation to climate change. The paper acknowledges the presence of UG in the research-recognised repertoire of climate change adaptation tools and, based on social research, highlights and discusses features essential for the potential of social capital. The characteristics of gardeners and urban gardening leaders, the functions of UG as perceived by gardeners and indicators of success were examined. The results identify factors influencing engagement conditions, longevity premises and effectiveness agents.

Ethnic culture influences the plant diversity in homegardens, automatically impacting socio-economic and ecological services. The Malay ethnic in the Belitung district uses many species of plants from their homegardens. However, ethnobotanical studies of the homegarden must be carried out for more efficient and sustainable use. This study aimed to describe the plant diversity and structure of the Malay homegarden in the Belitung district through an ethnobotanical perspective. Ethnobotanical data were collected using the participatory observation method in three villages from different sub-districts, Kembiri, Sijuk, and Suak Gual. The key and general respondents were selected using the purposive and the snowball sampling methods, and the plant diversity was identified using the inventory method. The structure of the Malay homegarden in Belitung consists of side, front, and back yards. The homegarden plants have four habitus types: trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. The homegarden area in Sijuk villages was the most spacious (599.55 m 2 ). Myrtaceae dominated the homegarden in Sijuk, while the Zingiberaceae dominated the Kembiri and Suak Gual villages. The highest Index of Cultural Significance value is Cocos nucifera in Sijuk and Kembiri villages and Citrus macrocarpa in Suak Gual Village. Malay ethnic uses most homegarden plants for food and medicine ingredients.

Previous scholarship in qualitative methodologies commonly classifies researchers’ status in the field into insiders or outsiders. However, the prevalence of participatory observation in numerous social science disciplines has blurred the insider/outsider dichotomy and highlighted that the levels of researchers’ involvement in the field are becoming context-specific and far more complex than just insider or outsider. Inspired by this tendency in fieldwork methodology, this paper seeks insights from a theory in communication studies, role theory, to understand researchers’ status regarding the roles they adopt in their interactions with research participants. Through reference to relevant sociological and psychological schools of thought, this paper highlights discourse as a crucial instrument for researchers’ role-making in fieldwork. This study draws on the author’s experience conducting fieldwork in a Central China city to demonstrate how a researcher engages in shifting field contexts by intentionally assuming numerous roles. To explore state-firm relations in local development, the author recruited two groups of research participants: government officials and business managers. The author actively learned and employed comparable discursive techniques in interactions with each group of participants, thereby assuming various roles in different contexts. These findings underscore the purposeful self-presentation and intentional role-playing/change as effective means for human geographers and researchers in extensive disciplines to be involved in participant groups for gathering data more efficiently. Meanwhile, the author’s self-reflection also illuminates the consequent impacts on research outcomes and ethical issues due to the involvement of researchers in their participants, therefore highlighting the necessity for detachment.

PurposeHuman libraries are special libraries that give access to real persons known as “human books.” Readers “check out” human books by attending reading sessions organized by the human library. The majority of previous studies focus on reporting the achievement of human libraries, especially on reducing prejudice and promoting social inclusion. There is a dearth of research to investigate how a human library serves and interacts with society. In this regard, this study aims at examining the operation, development, opportunities and challenges of the New Taipei City Human Library (NTCHL), the first and largest human library in Taiwan.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a triangulation methodology to collect and analyze a multitude of data. Participatory observation intends to understand the operation of the NTCHL. In-depth interview is conducted to collect the opinions of the staff of the NTCHL to identify the challenges and opportunities of the human library. Content analysis on relevant documents is performed to review the development and performance of the NTCHL.FindingsResults indicate that the NTCHL has successfully developed a good collection of human books. The NTCHL not only provides an alternative channel of learning, but also helps build connections between community members. The number of book loans and readers has substantially increased since NTCHL' inception, indicating an increasing demand for human library services in Taiwan. While the NTCHL strives for providing readers with better and diversified services, the issues of limited involvement and commitment of human books, heavy workload and the difficulty to establish a good collection of human books need to be addressed.Research limitations/implicationsThis study investigates a human library in Taiwan, but human libraries in different places are different in some aspects because those human libraries' social contexts are different. Future studies are recommended to compare the similarities and differences between different human libraries systematically. Furthermore, this study identifies the benefits of the human library but human library's effectiveness is not quantified and evaluated. Future studies may conduct quantitative assessments to fill the research gap.Practical implicationsHuman libraries must strive for providing better and diversified services to readers, but there are implications for workload and administration. The experience of the NTCHL may cast light on the future development of human libraries in Taiwan and other countries around the world.Social implicationsThis study shows that the NTCHL has brought a couple of benefits to the society of Taiwan. First, the NTCHL provides readers with an alternative experience of reading. This is an effective way to transmit informal or tacit knowledge. Second, building connections between community members was another benefit of the NTCHL. As modern people are becoming more accustomed to virtual life on the internet which suppresses interpersonal communication, the NTCHL represents an effective platform for communication and sharing of interpersonal experiences.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study is the use of triangulation methodology to investigate the operation, development, opportunities and challenges of the first and largest human library in Taiwan. The findings of this study may cast light on the future development of human libraries in Taiwan and other countries.

Action research supports and empowers pre-service teachers as they plan lessons, act in the practicum, observe, and reflect on their teaching experiences. This study presents a professional development program based on action research to provide pre-service teachers with effective teaching skills in the EFL classroom and improve their students' language performance. The researcher implemented the training program for twelve male EFL majors enrolled in their practicum using a mixed-methods approach. By incorporating both individual and group experiences, action research improved pre-service teachers' understanding of methodology, encouraged reflection on their beliefs, tacit knowledge, and teaching practice, and assisted in the development of their teaching and learning theories. The findings show that pre-service teachers' performance improved significantly during and after receiving training. Additionally, there was substantial improvement in the students' overall language performance as well as their performance in each language category (vocabulary, grammar, listening, reading, and writing). It is concluded that action research fostered the cognitive evolution of these pre-service teachers and encouraged their synthesis of teaching theory and practice. These benefits of action research mark the beginning of a journey toward becoming a professional educator who can enhance both teaching practice and student outcomes.

Community pharmacies (CPs) play a major role in health care delivery. The simulated patient methodology (SPM), which is considered the “gold standard”, is recommended for studying CP practice. SPM can be applied in different forms, which include visits and also calls (“mystery calls”). So far, only the role of visits in the investigation of CP practice is known. As the first study worldwide, a systematic map of such reports will be provided, which applies calls in the context of the SPM for the study of CP practice. Reports with the pharmacy staff as the population under study should be included. Reports should be included that conduct an investigation using the SPM in the form of calls to simulate patients and other customers. Reports should be included that examine CP practice as defined by the International Pharmaceutical Federation and the World Health Organization (FIP/WHO). The scoping review methodology will be applied using the associated guidelines from Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and PRISMA extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR). The search will be for both published and unpublished original research in English with transparent information on SPM until the end of 2022. The plan is to search Embase, MEDLINE via PubMed, and Web of Science. Directly afterward, the respective literature collection of the reviewers and the reference lists of suitable international reviews will be searched. This will be followed by a forward and backward snowballing in Google Scholar. For the inclusion of reports, a selection process and for the data extraction a data charting process with the help of variables derived from related reviews and from two SPM-form spanning international guidelines will be performed. The data extracted from the included reports should be synthesized and presented in MS Excel tabular form using the previously determined variables.

Background The global discourse on future health care emphasises that learning to collaborate across professions is crucial to assure patient safety and meet the changing demands of health care. The research on interprofessional education (IPE) is diverse but with gaps in curricula design and how IPE is enacted in practice. Purpose and aims This research project will identify. 1) how IPE in clinical placements emerges, evolves, and is enacted by students when embedded in local health care practices, 2) factors critical for the design of IPE for students at clinical placements across the four countries. Methods A study involving four countries (Sweden, Norway, Australia and New Zealand) using the theory of practice architectures will be undertaken between 2023 and 2027. The project is designed as an international, collaborative multiple-case ethnographic study, using the theoretical framework of practice architectures (TPA). It will include four ethnographic case studies of IPE, one in each country. Data will be collected in the following sequence: (1) participant observation of students during interprofessional placements, (2) interviews with students at clinical placement and stakeholders/professionals, (3) Non-clinical documents may be used to support the analysis, and collection of photos may be use as memory aids for documenting context. An analysis of “sayings, doings and relatings” will address features of the cultural- discursive, material-economic, social-political elements making up the three key dimensions of TPA. Each of the four international cases will be analysed separately. A cross case analysis will be undertaken to establish common learning and critical IPE design elements across the four collaborating universities. Discussion The use of TPA framework and methodology in the analysis of data will make it possible to identify comparable dimensions across the four research sites, enabling core questions to be addressed critical for the design of IPE. The ethnographic field studies will generate detailed descriptions that take account of country-specific cultural and practice contexts. The study will also generate new knowledge as to how IPE can be collaboratively researched.