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Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognised as an important public health and social problem, with far reaching consequences for women’s physical and emotional health and social well-being. Furthermore, controlling behaviour by a partner has a similar impact on women’s well-being, yet little is known about the prevalence of this type of behaviour and other related abuses in Tanzania and in other sub-Saharan African countries. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the lifetime and past 12-month prevalence of physical and sexual IPV, economic abuse, emotional abuse and controlling behaviour among ever-partnered women in Mwanza, Tanzania. Women ( N  = 1049) were enrolled in an ongoing trial (Maisha study) to assess the impact of microfinance combined with gender training on participants’ experience IPV, and other related outcomes. Interviews were conducted by same sex interviewers to collect information about socio-demographic characteristics, experiences of specific acts of IPV and abuse, and symptoms of poor mental health status. Results Overall, about 61% of women reported ever experiencing physical and/or sexual IPV (95% CI: 58–64%) and 27% (95% CI: 24–29%) experienced it in the past 12 months. Partner controlling behaviour was the most prevalent type of abuse with 82% experiencing it in their lifetime and 63% during the past 12 months. Other types of abuses were also common, with 34% of women reporting economic abuse and 39% reporting emotional abuse during the past 12 months. The prevalence of IPV and abuses varied by socio-demographic characteristics, showing much higher prevalence rates among younger women, women with young partners and less educated women. After we adjusted for age and socio-economic status, physical violence (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3–2.7) and sexual violence (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9–4.1) were associated with increased reporting of symptoms of poor mental health. Similarly, experience of abuse during the past 12 months was associated with increased reporting of symptoms of poor mental health. Conclusions The high prevalence of IPV and abuses and its strong links with symptoms of poor mental health underline the urgent need for developing and testing appropriate interventions in settings like Tanzania to tackle both violence and abusive behaviours among intimate partners. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov – ID NCT02592252 , registered retrospectively on 13 August 2015.

\"Decriminalizing Domestic Violence asks the crucial, yet often ignored, question of why and how the criminal legal system has become the primary response to intimate partner violence in the United States. It introduces readers, both new and well versed in the subject, to the ways in which the criminal justice system harms rather than helps those who are subjected to abuse and violence in their homes and communities. The book examines how mandatory arrests, no-drop prosecutions, zero-tolerance public housing policies, and the ever-growing collateral consequences of a criminal record can mean that vast amounts of social, legal, and financial resources are diverted into a criminal justice apparatus that is ultimately unable to deliver justice or safety to victims, or to prevent domestic violence to begin with. Envisioned for both courses and research topics in domestic violence, family violence, gender and law, sociology of law, and others, the book challenges readers to view intimate partner violence not as a criminal justice concern but as an economic, public health, community, and human rights problem. At a moment when we are examining our national addiction to punishment, Decriminalizing Domestic Violence offers a thoughtful, pragmatic roadmap to real domestic violence reform\"--Provided by publisher.

Financial incentives have demonstrated effectiveness in improving outcomes for people living with HIV; however, little is known about their impact on intimate partner violence (IPV) in this vulnerable population. A cluster-randomized trial investigating financial incentives and viral suppression was conducted in the Lake Zone of Tanzania (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT0420135). Between May 2021-March 2022, 32 clinics were randomized 1:1 to receive the standard of care (SOC) or to offer 22,500 TZS (~$10 USD) to individuals initiating antiretroviral therapy monthly for up to 6 months, conditional on clinic attendance. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted to examine the effect of financial incentives on IPV among partnered women at 6 months ( n  = 494), with prevalence differences (PD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimated using generalized estimating equations. Subgroup analyses were conducted among women partnered at 6 months only and women partnered at both baseline and 6 months. Past 6-month IPV was reported by 241 (48.8%) partnered women. Emotional IPV was the most common form of violence (47.8%), followed by physical (7.5%) and sexual IPV (5.1%). There were no significant differences in past 6-month IPV between arms in the primary (49.6% SOC vs. 48.1% incentive, PD: -0.02, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.15) or subgroup analyses. These findings suggest that small, short-term financial incentives used to improve HIV treatment outcomes do not significantly alter IPV risks, however with the width of the CIs it is not possible to rule out small and moderate-sized effects. Further research among larger samples is needed as financial incentive programs are brought to scale for people living with HIV.

When her handsome new neighbor encourages her to confront her fears, Catherine Bailey, the victim of a violent attack at the hands of a man whose good looks hid a violent nature, finally believes in the possibility a normal life until one phone call changes everything.

Introduction We assessed the impact of a personal agency-based training for refugee women and their male partners on their economic and social empowerment, rates of intimate partner violence (IPV), and non-partner violence (NPV). Methods We conducted an individually randomized controlled trial with 1061 partnered women (aged 18–45) living in a refugee camp in Rwanda. Women received two days of training, and their partners received one day of training. The follow-up survey where all relevant outcomes were assessed was carried out at 6–9 months post-intervention. Results At follow up, women in the intervention arm were more likely to report partaking in income generating activities (aIRR 1.27 (1.04–1.54), p  < 0.05) and skill learning (aIRR 1.59 (1.39–1.82), p  < 0.001) and reported a reduction in experience of physical or sexual NPV in the past six months (aIRR 0.65 (0.39–1.07), p  < 0.09). While improved, no statistically significant impacts were seen on physical or sexual IPV (aIRR 0.80 (0.58–1.09), p  = 0.16), food insecurity (β 0.98 (0.93 to 1.03), p  = 0.396), or clean cookstove uptake (aIRR 0.95 (0.88 to 1.01), p  = 0.113) in the past six months. We found statistically significant reduction in physical and sexual IPV amongst those experiencing IPV at baseline (aIRR 0.72 (0.50 to 1.02), p  < 0.07). Small improvements in self-efficacy scores and our indicator of adapting to stress were seen in the intervention arm. Some challenges were also seen, such as higher prevalence of probable depression and/or anxiety (aIRR 1.79 (1.00-3.22), p  = 0.05) and PTSD (aIRR 2.07 (1.10–3.91), p  < 0.05) in the intervention arm compared to the control arm. Conclusion Our findings echo previous research showing personal agency training can support economic well-being of women. We also find potentially promising impacts on gender-based violence. However, there is some evidence that integration of evidence-based mental health support is important when enhancing agency amongst conflict-affected populations. Trial registration number The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT04081441 on 09/09/2019. Key message What is known? • There are limited impacts of economic interventions in humanitarian settings on gender-based violence. • Outside of humanitarian settings, agency-based training interventions, both with/or without male partner engagement, have been shown to improve economic impacts, however IPV impacts are not known. • Integrated multi-component interventions that economically empower women and engage male partners hold promise in conflict-affected populations. What are the new findings? • An abbreviated two-day personal agency training for women and one-day training for their male partners led to significant increases in uptake of income generating activities and skill building for women. • Promising trends suggest reduction in non-partner violence for the full study sample and a reduction in intimate partner violence for women who reported IPV at baseline. • Increased rates of probable anxiety and/or depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were identified in the intervention group. What do the new findings imply? • Promising impacts on livelihoods and experience of violence are possible despite the abbreviated nature of this training. • Despite improvements in livelihoods and reduction in experience of violence, more concerted efforts are needed to prevent the increased risk of anxiety, depression, and PTSD found in conflict-affected populations.

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent and has detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of women across the world. Despite emerging evidence on the impacts of cash transfers on intimate partner violence, the pathways through which reductions in violence occur remain under-explored. A randomised controlled trial of a cash and in-kind food transfer programme on the northern border of Ecuador showed that transfers reduced physical or sexual violence by 30 %. This mixed methods study aimed to understand the pathways that led to this reduction. Methods We conducted a mixed methods study that combined secondary analysis from a randomised controlled trial relating to the impact of a transfer programme on IPV with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with male and female beneficiaries. A sequential analysis strategy was followed, whereby qualitative results guided the choice of variables for the quantitative analysis and qualitative insights were used to help interpret the quantitative findings. Results We found qualitative and quantitative evidence that the intervention led to reductions in IPV through three pathways operating at the couple, household and individual level: i) reduced day-to-day conflict and stress in the couple; ii) improved household well-being and happiness; and iii) increased women’s decision making, self-confidence and freedom of movement. We found little evidence that any type of IPV increased as a result of the transfers. Discussion While cash and in-kind transfers can be important programmatic tools for decreasing IPV, the positive effects observed in this study seem to depend on circumstances that may not exist in all settings or programmes, such as the inclusion of a training component. Moreover, the programme built upon rather than challenged traditional gender roles by targeting women as transfer beneficiaries and framing the intervention under the umbrella of food security and nutrition – domains traditionally ascribed to women. Conclusions Transfers destined for food consumption combined with nutrition training reduced IPV among marginalised households in northern Ecuador. Evidence suggests that these reductions were realised by decreasing stress and conflict, improving household well-being, and enhancing women’s decision making, self-confidence and freedom of movement. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02526147 . Registered 24 August 2015.

PurposeTeen dating violence (TDV) is a global public health and safety issue causing health impacts to youth people. This study aimed to examine: (1) the impact of the pandemic on TDV victimisation rates and (2) socioecological factors associated with sustained risk for TDV victimisation during the first year of COVID-19.MethodsData are from an ongoing randomised controlled trial of a TDV prevention programme in Texas (n=2768). We conducted annual assessments in 2019–2021. We used regression modelling to assess demographic, individual, peer and family factors associated with TDV risks.ResultsTDV rates declined from 11.9% in 2019 to 5.2% in 2021. While demographic, peer and family/household factors were not associated with TDV victimisation during the pandemic, individual-level factors (ie, early sexual debut, substance use, acceptance of violence and prior TDV involvement) were related to COVID-era risks. Only early sexual debut was uniquely linked to TDV victimisation risk the first year of COVID-19.ConclusionsWhile TDV rates declined during the pandemic, previous victimisation, substance use and early sexual debut remained potent risks for relationship harm.