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St. Matthew Passion is Hans Blumenberg's sustained and devastating meditation on Jesus's anguished cry on the cross, \"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?\" Why did this abandonment happen, what does it mean within the logic of the Gospels, how have believers and nonbelievers understood it, and how does it live on in art? With rare philological acuity and vast historical learning, Blumenberg unfolds context upon context in which this cry has reverberated, from early Christian apologetics and heretics to twentieth-century literature and philosophy. Blumenberg's guide through this unending story of divine abandonment is Johann Sebastian Bach's monumental Matthäuspassion, the parabolic mirror that bundled eighteen hundred years of reflection on the fate of the crucified and the only available medium that allows us post-Christian listeners to feel the anguish of those who witnessed the events of the Passion. With interspersed references to writers such as Goethe, Rilke, Kafka, Freud, and Benjamin, Blumenberg gathers evidence to raise the singular question that, in his view, Christian theology has not been able to answer: How can an omnipotent God be so offended by his creatures that he must sacrifice and abandon his own Son?

In this paper, we conduct a systematic review on the topic of entrepreneurial passion. We summarize the empirical findings of studies based on the four major conceptualizations of passion: passion for work, the dualistic model of passion, entrepreneurial passion, and perceived passion. Moreover, we analyze 63 published papers in the literature and identify potential research opportunities in this area. First, research on the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and firm performance needs further examination; we need comprehensive and more nuanced studies on this relationship, focusing on diverse types of passion. Second, distinctive mechanisms based on different types of passion would enhance our understanding of how passion influences firm performance and other outcomes. Third, it is essential that future studies carefully match theoretical arguments and measurements, based on the frameworks of passion. Fourth, scholars should conduct empirical research on entrepreneurial passion in various cultural contexts. Fifth, theoretical justifications and contextual appropriateness for each framework of passion are critical to advance the literature. Lastly, scholars need to utilize unified terminologies of passion.

In this article associated with the Gold Medal Award from the Canadian Psychological Association, I present an overview of research on the concept of passion that has been conducted by my research team and I over the past 20 years. Such research subscribes to an organismic view of the human condition wherein people are seen as active agents, who strive for self-growth and optimal functioning. The dualistic model of passion (Vallerand et al., 2003) posits that passion provides the power to seek and reach self-growth, as well as perils in this quest for self-growth. We first present the dualistic model of passion and then research in a variety of contexts and activities that substantiates this claim on the duality of passion. In so doing, it is shown that not all passions are equal and that some of them (harmonious passion) foster self-growth and optimal functioning more than others (obsessive passion). Some conclusions are offered. Dans cet article associé à la médaille d'or de la Société canadienne de psychologie, je présente une vue d'ensemble des recherches sur le concept de la passion que mon équipe de recherche et moi-même avons menées au cours des 20 dernières années. Ces recherches s'inscrivent dans une vision organismique de la condition humaine, dans laquelle les individus sont considérés comme des agents actifs qui s'efforcent de se développer et de fonctionner de manière optimale. Le modèle dualiste de la passion (Vallerand et al., 2003) postule que la passion fournit le pouvoir de rechercher et d'atteindre l'épanouissement personnel, ainsi que les dangers dans cette quête d'épanouissement personnel. Nous présentons d'abord le modèle dualiste de la passion, puis les recherches menées dans divers contextes et activités qui étayent cette affirmation sur la dualité de la passion. Ce faisant, nous montrons que toutes les passions ne sont pas égales et que certaines d'entre elles (la passion harmonieuse) favorisent l'épanouissement personnel et un fonctionnement optimal plus que d'autres (la passion obsessive). Quelques conclusions sont proposées. Public Significance Statement In everyday life, it is typically assumed that passion for an activity leads to adaptive outcomes. In this article, I present over 20 years of research that shows that two types of passion exist: harmonious (where the passion is under the person's control) and obsessive (where the passion controls the person). Whereas harmonious passion typically leads to adaptive outcomes, obsessive passion is associated with much less positive and at times maladaptive outcomes. Such distinction is fundamental to better understand the role of passion and associated processes in a variety of intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and intergroup outcomes.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of entrepreneurial passion and in doing so explores the relationship between harmonious and obsessive passion (OP) and resilience. A pathway between passion and entrepreneurial success (ES) that is mediated by sustained entrepreneurial commitment (SEC) and resilience is tested. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire survey was completed by (n=215) Australian entrepreneurs. Results were based on structural equation modelling analysis. Findings Harmonious passion contributes directly and indirectly to perceptions of ES through resilience; OP contributes to SEC which contributes to success through resilience. Research limitations/implications Limitations stem from the survey methodology used. Implications for incorporating harmonious and OP into training to ensure well developed entrepreneurs are raised. Originality/value This study is one of the few studies to test the theoretical constructs of passion and resilience in the entrepreneurship context, and seemingly the first to do so on an Australian sample of entrepreneurs. This research finds that both types of passion are important to individual level resilience and ultimately to ES. An OP for one’s venture is an important contributor to persisting with the venture.

Background Passion fruit ( Passiflora edulis [Sims]) is an important economic fruit crop in Kenya, grown for domestic, regional and international markets. However, passion fruit production is constrained by both biotic and abiotic stresses. Passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD) complex is the most injurious viral disease responsible for yield losses of up to 100%. In East Africa , it is caused by potyviruses. The most effective way to manage PWD is by using resistant cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of passion fruit woodiness disease in selected counties at the Coastal lowlands of Kenya and screen farmer preferred passion fruit genotypes for resistance to PWD. Results In the present study, it was established that all surveyed farms in Kwale and Kilifi counties displayed passion fruit woodiness virus disease symptoms. The highest disease incidence of 59.16% and 51.43% was observed at Kilifi and Kwale counties, respectively. A significant difference ( p  < 0.05) in symptom severity was observed within the tested genotypes with purple and banana passion fruits having the highest and lowest AUDPC values, respectively, both under greenhouse and field conditions. ACP ELISA assays using universal potyvirus antiserum (Agdia Inc., Elkhat, IN) confirmed that the observed characteristic symptoms of woodiness disease were as a result of potyvirus infection. Conclusions The findings herein indicate that PWD is widespread in both Kilifi and Kwale counties with low to moderate disease incidence and severity. The observed prevalence, incidence and severity levels of PWD in Kwale and Kilifi counties could be aggravated by poor management practices such as non-sterilization of pruning tools, intercropping with target crops and crop rotation with the same target crops. Response of passion fruit genotypes to woodiness viruses was genotype dependent. There is need to sensitize farmers on the cause and spread of PWD and management strategies in order to increase production and enhance the quality of fruits.

Purpose This study extends the literature on top management team (TMT) diversity and innovation by introducing entrepreneurial passion diversity as an important TMT affective component in determining firm innovation performance. This paper draws on the knowledge-based view and proposes that TMT passion diversity, in terms of intensity separation and focus variety, may hinder the process of knowledge creation, and, in turn, reduce firm innovation performance. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct a questionnaire survey using a simple random sampling technique and collect data from 195 small- and medium-sized enterprises in China. Ordinary least squares regression and a structural equation model are applied to test the hypotheses. Findings This study finds that TMT passion intensity separation has a negative effect on firm innovation performance via knowledge exchange and knowledge combination. TMT passion focus variety has a negative effect on firm innovation performance via knowledge combination. Originality/value This study highlights the affective diversity of entrepreneurial passion in TMTs and clarifies the detrimental role of TMT entrepreneurial passion diversity in innovation and knowledge creation. It contributes new insights to the literature on TMT diversity, knowledge management and entrepreneurial passion.

Past research has shown that harmonious passion (HP) for work facilitates, and obsessive passion (OP) undermines, work and family outcomes. The current investigation is the first to test the quadripartite approach of passion (Schellenberg et al., Journal of Personality 87:163–180, 2019) with respect to work outcomes. In line with the Dualistic Model of Passion (Vallerand, 2015), the quadripartite approach posits that HP and OP lie on different continua thereby leading to the possibilities that they may have interactive effects. Two studies with large samples of workers ( n  = 5463 in Study 1; and n  = 3642 in Study 2) were conducted to test this perspective. Results provided support for the quadripartite approach leading to a more nuanced analysis of the effects of HP and OP. More specifically, pure HP was related to lower work-family conflict (Studies 1 and 2) and counterproductive work behaviors (Study 2) than pure OP, mixed passion, and non-passion. Pure OP was also related to greater work-family conflict (Studies 1 and 2) and lower family life satisfaction (Study 2) than mixed passion and non-passion. These findings suggest that HP protects against the contributive role of OP in counterproductive work behaviors and work-family conflict, as well as against the negative effects of OP on family life satisfaction. Results are discussed in light of the passion literature and especially the quadripartite approach.

It is just over a decade since Vallerand et al. (J Personal Soc Psychol 85:756–767, 2003 ) introduced the dualistic model of passion. In this study, we conduct a meta-analytical review of relationships between Vallerand et al’s two passions (viz. harmonious and obsessive), and intrapersonal outcomes, and test the moderating role of age, gender, domain, and culture. A systematic literature search yielded 94 studies, within which 27 criterion variables were reported. These criterion variables derived from four research areas within the intrapersonal sphere: (a) well-/ill-being, (b) motivation factors, (c) cognitive outcomes and, (d) behaviour and performance. From these areas we retrieved 1308 independent effect sizes and analysed them using random-effects models. Results showed harmonious passion positively corresponded with positive intrapersonal outcomes (e.g., positive affect, flow, performance). Obsessive passion, conversely, showed positive associations with positive and negative intrapersonal outcomes (e.g., negative affect, rumination, vitality). Correlations were largely invariant across age and gender, but certain relationships were moderated by domain and culture. Implications are discussed.

People are often passionate toward multiple activities in their lives. However, more has been learned about passion toward any single activity than about passion toward multiple activities. Relying on the dualistic model of passion (Vallerand in The psychology of passion: a dualistic model, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015), this research addressed the antecedents and consequences of polyamorous passion. In three pre-registered studies (total N = 1322) and one mini meta-analysis, we found that (a) people tend to report being passionate for between 2 and 4 activities; (b) harmonious passion becomes a less potent predictor of well-being as it is directed toward less-favored activities; (c) harmonious passion does not contribute to the prediction of well-being beyond a second-favorite activity; and (d) openness to experience is a personality trait that is positively associated with the number of passionate activities that people have in their lives. These results contribute to our understanding of who has multiple passions, how many passionate activities people tend to have, and the relationship between polyamorous passion and well-being.

People are often passionate about different activities in their lives. This study examined the role of multiple passions in psychosomatic health (i.e., subjective vitality and somatic symptoms) using variable-centered and person-centered approaches. Our sample consisted of 267 Polish adults, who filled out the measures on harmonious passion (HP), obsessive passion (OP), subjective vitality as a trait, and somatic symptoms in four categories (exhaustion, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular complaints). In general, HP showed protective properties against individual somatic complaints, whereas OP was associated with higher levels of somatic symptoms, chiefly cardiovascular complaints. We highlighted that, unlike the first passion, the second passion can explain the differences in well-being and ill-being. Our study indicated the moderate health-promoting effects of HP, and the moderate-to-strong adverse effects of OP on somatic health. Having multiple passions of obsessive nature may be harmful for somatic health. In order to be healthy, prevention of the development of multiple passions with high obsessive levels seems to be a priority. Potential psychosomatic pathways were discussed.