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o texto tem como objetivo analisar, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica de gênero, a mobilidade das mulheres aimarás articuladas em redes familiares translocais e intergeracionais que realizam atividades de pecuária na comunidade de Cobija (Região de Arica e Parinacota). Para isso, a metáfora local “estar andando” é usada como expressão com a qual as próprias mulheres conceituam sua mobilidade no presente. Os resultados correspondem a um estudo de caso qualitativo elaborado por meio de uma etnografia multissituada de 12 meses (2022-2023) com a comunidade de Cobija, que considerou uma perspectiva feminista e usou principalmente as técnicas de observação participante, conversas informais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Conclui-se que, por meio dessa expressão, elas pensam a mobilidade como um “ritmo de mulher”, ou seja, uma prática que pressupõe um fluxo em que os movimentos não são entendidos como marcos isolados, mas como parte de um modo de vida em movimento, que para elas está conectado a uma memória de outras mobilidades praticadas por gerações anteriores. Além disso, o artigo mostra que essas mulheres indígenas são participantes ativas da mobilidade translocal, inclusive as da primeira geração, e que existem alguns fatores sociais que dificultam sua participação na translocalização. Esses resultados são uma contribuição para os estudos sobre mulheres indígenas e para a pesquisa sobre as mobilidades aimarás no norte do Chile e oferecem novos dados que matizam a perspectiva antropológica com a qual a translocalização aimará tem sido analisada e que tem sido menos representada no caso das mulheres aimarás chilenas.

Livestock mobility facilitates opportunistic grazing management strategies that pastoralists employ to counter environmental variability in rangelands. One such strategy is moving livestock to temporary camps that are closer to areas of underutilized forage during times of drought. In areas where pastoralists graze near large protected areas, movement into protected areas, where both forage quantity and quality are higher, is also a common strategy. The aim of this study is to test hypotheses of herd relocation and effects of seasonality and herd size on spatially explicit parameters of cattle mobility for Maasai pastoralists along the northern border of a protected area in Kenya. Modified Global Positioning System (GPS) collars were placed on cattle from ten Maasai households that recorded three parameters of mobility for hundreds of grazing orbits from August 2005 to August 2006. Data were grouped by two constraints-seasonality and herd size-and tested against the two types of enclosure locations (temporary camps and permanent settlements). Hypotheses were formed on the basis of the current knowledge within the literature and analyzed using a series of analyses of variance. Results suggest that household relocation reduces the stress faced by pastoralists and their cattle during the drought by (1) lowering the average total daily distance and time traveled by cattle, (2) directing cattle toward the protected area, and (3) concentrating cattle grazing in distinct areas within the protected area. Herd size was found to have no effect on duration of travel for pastoralists that choose not to relocate during the drought. The research demonstrates how the use of modified low-cost GPS collars can be an effective tool for capturing parameters of mobility and for inferring pastoralist-livestock-rangeland relationships.

In the last few decades there has been a distinct shift in Masai pastoral livelihoods in Kenya's rangelands, creating new livelihood activities and new gendered demands on labor. This article builds on new feminist political ecologies (FPEs) that incorporate recent developments in postructuralist and performative theorizations of gender. I extend new FPE theoretically, through the incorporation of Arendt's theory of action, especially her theorization of plurality. Plurality allows us to capture the unique dynamics of the performance of negotiation for labor control displayed by Masai husbands and wives. I also extend FPE empirically, through the examination of an African and pastoralist context. I pay attention to the role that space plays in the process of negotiating gendered inequality. Based on forty in-depth interviews complemented by ethnographic fieldwork, the research demonstrates that the women and men interviewed are deeply aware of how space conveys particular meanings during negotiations. In all instances, the effectiveness of each man and woman's performance cannot be understood outside of this spatial context. As pastoral livelihoods shift, the boundaries of what it means to be a Masai are pushed. In this context, the disciplinary power of culture and the meanings of gender become destabilized, allowing for a renegotiation and forging of gender norms and subjectivities.

The new community-based pasture management introduced in Kyrgyzstan at the municipality level in 2009 intended to renew long distance transhumance, which had been significantly reduced after the end of the Soviet Union. Kyrgyzstan is characterized by a mountainous geography and a long history of agro-pastoralism. In this paper we explore how the new formal management model influences the mobility of herds and households at the local level. The conceptual framework used for the analysis is based on the principles for the management of common-pool resources designed by Ostrom and reviewed by Cox. Because municipalities are not homogenous, different groups of stakeholders have different interests in mobility and different access to decision-making in the newly created community-based institution. The main result of this research is that, although the formal institution responsible for pasture management does not focus on participation and representation, informal pasture management groups develop their own mechanism to lobby their interests. Mobility meets the needs of the different groups, or at least actions to prompt mobility are not conducted at the expense of any group. La nueva gestión comunitaria de los pastos introducida en Kirguistán a nivel municipal en 2009 buscaba renovar la trashumancia de largo recorrido, que había declinado sustancialmente tras el final de la Unión Soviética. Kirguistán se caracteriza por una geografía montañosa y una larga historia de agro-pastoralismo. En este artículo exploramos cómo el nuevo modelo formal de gestión influye sobre la movilidad del ganado y las familias a nivel local. El marco conceptual usado para el análisis se basa en los principios para la gestión de recursos comunes diseñado por Ostrom y revisado por Cox. Dado que los distintos municipios no son homogéneos, diferentes grupos sociales tienen intereses diferentes en materia de movilidad, así como diferente acceso a la toma de decisión en la nueva institución comunitaria. El principal resultado de esta investigación es que, si bien la institución formal responsable de la gestión de pastos no pone el énfasis en la participación y la representación, los grupos informales de gestión de pastos desarrollan su propio mecanismo para defender sus intereses. La movilidad satisface las necesidades de los diferentes grupos; o, cuando menos, las acciones fomentadoras de la movilidad no se desarrollan en detrimento de ninguno de los grupos.

In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.

Although exogamy is the worldwide marriage norm, many Middle Eastern populations regularly practice consanguineous marriage. Scholars have posited a number of explanations for this phenomenon, but these theories have not identified a concrete advantage to these marriages sufficient to counterbalance the inbreeding depression and other genetic risks inherent to kin marriages. Drawing on genetic studies and mathematical models, as well as both historical and ethnographic sources, I argue in this article that the Arabian Peninsula's camel Bedouin's dependency on the lactose tolerance allele exerted a selective pressure on marriage strategies that strongly favored consanguineous marriage. For milk-dependent camel Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula, the advantages of consanguineous marriage did indeed outweigh its risks. In addition, I posit that another common Arabian Peninsula marriage practice, the strong prohibition of marriages between higher-status and lower-status groups, was favored by the same environmental and genetic factors that favored consanguineous marriage. Mientras la exogamia es la norma mundial de matrimonios, muchas poblaciones del Medio Oriente regularmente practican matrimonio consanguíneo. Investigadores han planteado un número de explicaciones por este fenómeno, pero estas teorías no han identificado una ventaja concreta en estos matrimonios, suficiente para compensar la depresión endogámica y otros riesgos genéticos inherentes a matrimonios entre familiares. Con base en estudios genéticos y modelos matemáticos, así como fuentes históricas y etnográficas, argumento en este artículo que la dependencia beduina de camellos en la Península Arábiga en el alelo para la tolerancia a la lactosa ejerció una presión selectiva en las estrategias matrimoniales que fuertemente favorecieron matrimonio consanguíneo. Para los beduinos de la Península Arábiga dependientes de la leche de los camellos, las ventajas de matrimonio consanguíneo ciertamente superaron sus riesgos. Además, planteo que otra práctica común de matrimonios en la Península Arábiga, la fuerte prohibición de matrimonios entre grupos de más alta y más baja posición social, fue favorecida por los mismos factores genéticos y ambientales que favorecieron matrimonios consanguíneos.

The Ait Arfa Guigou tribe, part of the Berber confederation of the Beni M'guild, is based in Morocco's Middle Atlas mountain range, around the town of Timahdite. The tribe is profoundly tied to sheepherding, and is nomadic, having settled in one of the mountain areas in Morocco most conducive to nomadic, livestock-related activity. In this article, the result of intense anthropological fieldwork, we analyse the tribe's situation at the dawn of the 20th century. We also present how major changes induced by French colonisation prompted them to adapt to their new situation, shifting from nomadism to short-distance transhumance as an adaptation necessary to continue practicing sheepherding in their territory down to the present day.

The aim of this paper was to review the status of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Ethiopia in relation with the existing animal husbandry systems and abattoir meat inspection surveillances. Ethiopia is one of the African countries where tuberculosis is widespread in both humans and cattle. The disease is considered as one of the major livestock diseases that results in high morbidity and mortality, although the current status on the actual prevalence rate of BTB at a national level is yet unknown. Detection of BTB is based mainly on tuberculin skin testing, abattoir meat inspection and very rarely on bacteriological techniques. The prevalence rates vary from 3.4% (small farms) to 50% (intensive dairy farms) and from 3.5% to 5.2% in slaughterhouses. Control measures, economic impacts and zoonotic aspect of the disease are also briefly reviewed.

Since the turn of the century, African pastoralists have been held responsible for overuse of woody plants and for the degradation and desertification of many arid and semiarid lands. We analyzed the impacts of pastoral nomads and their livestock on the recruitment (establishment to first reproduction) of Acacia tortilis, a dominant tree in the dry woodlands of South Turkana, Kenya, where Acacia seedpods make up an important part of livestock diets. Seed density averaged over 85 times higher in bush-fenced livestock corrals than in the surrounding environment. The survival and growth of 14 cohorts of trees ranging in age from 1 to 39 yr were investigated comparing tree stands originating inside livestock corrals with those originating outside. Corral soils contained nine times more C, three times more N, and six times more P than adjacent noncorral soils immediately following corral abandonment. Corral soils also retained more moisture than noncorral soils after rainfall. These soil conditions accelerated seedling emergence in corrals, and enhanced survival and growth of 1st-yr seedlings. Survival of older trees in corral stands was not significantly different from those established outside corrals during this study. However, comparison of tree densities over time suggests that corral stands thin more rapidly than noncorral stands, probably because of crowding. The early survival and growth advantages of the corral environment appear to stabilize the reproductive patterns of A. tortilis in this arid ecosystem, where successful recruitment in noncorral sites may be restricted to the few years with high rainfall. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, pastoralists may be improving rangelands in South Turkana by enhancing recruitment reliability in this important tree species.