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Background The association between vitamin D–binding protein (VDBP) and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D) with colorectal cancer (CRC) is still ambiguous. This study was to further investigate the relationship between serum VDBP, 25 (OH)D levels and the clinical and pathological features of patients with CRC. Methods Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescence immunoassay were used to analyze the VDBP and 25(OH)D concentrations in serum. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the association between serum VDBP and 25(OH)D levels in CRC. Conditional logistic regression was performed to analyze the prediction value of serum VDBP or 25(OH)D as a risk factor for CRC. Results The serological levels of 25(OH)D in patients were significantly lower than in healthy individuals, while VDBP levels were significantly higher than in healthy controls. The serum VDBP in pre‐operative was significantly lower than in post‐operative samples, while the serum 25(OH)D from pre‐operative patients was significantly higher than post‐operative patients. Patients with tumors with higher stage and increased lymph node involvement had lower serum post‐operative VDBP levels. In addition, our results showed that the pre‐operative VDBP level is a risk factor of CRC. Conclusions The levels of serum 25(OH)D and VDBP were both associated with CRC. Thus, serum 25(OH)D and VDBP levels might be of value in evaluating the pathogenesis and risk of CRC in the future. Moreover, serum VDBP or 25(OH)D levels were associated with patient's clinical and pathological features providing data for risk and prognostic prediction.

Background Endometrial cancer is one of the most common tumors of the female reproductive system and ranks third in the world list of gynecological malignancies that cause death. However, due to the privacy and complexity of pathology images, it is difficult to obtain pathology images and corresponding annotation, which affect the accuracy of pathology image segmentation and analysis. Methods To address this issue, this paper proposes a two-stage endometrial cancer pathology images- and labels-generating network, which can generate pathology images and corresponding segmentation labels. In the images-to-images network, a pathological style feature information fusion normalization module is proposed, which decouples the original style feature into style feature vectors to provide independent style feature information. In the images-to-labels network, a pathological prior features guidance loss block is proposed, which improves the ability of the model in feature extraction, the segmentation label-generation accuracy, and the boundary sensitivity to the target region. Results Training ECP-GAN in the solid tumor endometrial cancer pathological dataset, by physician recognition and experiments on the medical image segmentation tasks, shows that the ECP-GAN network generates realistic images and significantly improves the accuracy of segmentation tasks, which improves about 20% of the segmentation evaluation indicators. Conclusions Through comparative analysis, the experimental results show that the proposed method effectively improves the robustness and accuracy of the model in segmentation tasks. Particularly when dealing with the complex morphological features of pathology images, this method enhances the model’s ability to adapt to various changes, significantly improving.

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a severe kidney disorder in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood. Typical approaches for GN diagnosis require a specialist’s examination of pathological glomerular features (PGF) in pathology images of a patient. These PGF are primarily analyzed via manual quantitative evaluation, which is a time-consuming, labor-intensive, and error-prone task for doctors. Thus, automatic and accurate detection of PGF is crucial for the efficient diagnosis of GN and other kidney-related diseases. Recent advances in convolutional neural network-based deep learning methods have shown the capability of learning complex structural variants with promising detection results in medical image applications. However, these methods are not directly applicable to glomerular detection due to large spatial and structural variability and inter-class imbalance. Thus, we propose an efficient glomerular detection network (EGDNet) for the first time for seven types of PGF detection. Our EGDNet consists of four modules: (i) a hybrid data augmentation strategy to resolve dataset problems, (ii) an efficient intersection over unit balancing module for uniform sampling of hard and easy samples, (iii) a feature pyramid balancing module to obtain balanced multi-scale features for robust detection, and (iv) balanced L1 regression loss which alleviates the impact of anomalous data for multi-PGF detection. We also formulated a private dataset of seven PGF from an affiliated hospital in Shanghai, China. Experiments on the dataset show that our EGDNet outperforms state-of-the-art methods by achieving superior accuracy of 91.2%, 94.9%, and 94.2% on small, medium, and large pathological features, respectively.

BackgroundCutaneous mastocytosis (CM) is a heterogeneous disease. Challenges remain in the detailed pathological features and pathogenic factors and their potential correlation in Chinese patients.ObjectiveThis study aimed to characterize the pathological features and immunophenotypes of different CM subtypes in a real-world cohort and to explore the potential correlations between mast cell-related pathogenic features and clinical phenotypes.MethodsA cohort of 88 patients diagnosed with CM by histopathological examination in the Department of Dermatology between 2015 and 2024 was established. Immunohistochemical and clinicopathological analyses were performed.ResultsMast cell burden is associated with CM subtype, with the lowest burden being in telangiectasia macularis eruptive perstans (TMEP), followed by urticaria pigmentosa (UP) and diffuse CM/mastocytoma. High mast cell burden may also be associated with specific clinical morphology (e.g., elevated lesions) and an earlier age of onset. Different clinical subtypes exhibit distinct immunophenotypes. The expression of CD2, CD25, and CD30 may correlate with specific subtypes with high mast cell burden and provide potential value for CM diagnosis and subtyping. TMEP showed pathological differences from other subtypes, particularly in mast cell burden and immunophenotype.ConclusionDifferent CM subtypes display distinct mast cell burdens and immunophenotypes, suggesting potential diagnostic value. The diverse clinical phenotypes may be associated with different mast cell burdens. TMEP may represent a unique and rare morphological variant of UP.

Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecologic malignancy, with a rising trend in related mortality rates. The assessment based on imaging examinations contributes to the preoperative staging and surgical management of EC. However, conventional imaging diagnosis has limitations such as low accuracy and subjectivity. Radiomics, utilizing advanced feature analysis from medical images, extracts more information, ultimately establishing associations between imaging features and disease phenotypes. In recent years, radiomic studies on EC have emerged, employing radiomic features combined with clinical characteristics to model and predict histopathological features, protein expression, and clinical prognosis. This article elaborates on the application of radiomics in EC research and discusses its implications.

Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney is an extremely rare well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, which is generally a low-grade malignant cancer with a good prognosis. Carcinoid tumors are rarely found in the urinary system. Here, we report a 34-year-old woman with primary renal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor who underwent nephron sparing surgery and no evidence of recurrence or distant metastasis was found during routine follow-up. We searched the case of renal carcinoid with the search phrase \"carcinoid [title] and kidney [title]\" and \"carcinoid [title] and renal [title]\" using the PubMed and restricted the search to articles published in English since 2013. The clinical manifestations, age, sex, tumor size, location, gross pathology, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry were analyzed. A total of 28 cases of renal carcinoid were retrieved from PubMed. Higher proportion of positive labeling of CgA, Syn, NSE and CD56 are most valuable in the diagnosis of primary renal well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. At present, radical nephrectomy remains the gold standard in the curative-intent therapy for well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma of kidney, in metastatic renal carcinoid, long-term use of octreotide may be an effective adjuvant therapy.

Epithelioid angiosarcoma (EA) is a malignant tumor of endothelium origin that most commonly arises in the deep soft tissues of extremities but may occasionally be primary in skin, adrenal gland, and bone. A 72-year-old male presented with a painless enlargement of his thyroid for more than 10 days before hospitalization. A walnut-sized mass in the right thyroid was found simultaneously by palpation and Color Doppler Ultrasound. After a total thyroidectomy was performed, a mass with a size of 4.5 cm × 3.5 cm was found at the lower pole of the right thyroid gland. Histologically, the tumor was diffusely distributed in a sheet-like pattern, with tumor cells being epithelioid. There was extensive coagulative necrosis while no components of papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma and insular poorly differentiated carcinoma were noticed. CD31 and vimentin were positive for immunostaining. The diagnosis of primary epithelioid angiosarcoma of right thyroid was then given to the patient. Eleven months after the operation, the patient died from brain metastasis. It is suggested that primary epithelioid angiosarcoma of thyroid, as an extremely rare tumor, have no characteristic clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging examinations, and the diagnosis mainly depend on its unique clinical pathological features. Although extensive surgical resection is the preferred treatment, the prognosis is still very poor.

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) was first described as a lymphoproliferative disorder in 2010. EBVMCU is a unifocal mucosal or cutaneous ulcer that often occurs after local trauma in patients with immunosuppression; the patients generally have a good prognosis. It is histologically characterized by proliferating EBV-positive atypical B cells accompanied by ulcers. On the basis of conventional pathologic criteria, EBVMCU may be misdiagnosed as EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or other lymphomas. However, its prognosis differs from that of EBV-associated lymphomas, in that patients with EBVMCU frequently show spontaneous regression or complete remission without chemotherapy. Therefore, EBVMCU is now recognized as a low-grade malignancy or a pseudo-malignant lesion. Avoiding unnecessary chemotherapy by distinguishing EBVMCU from other EBV-associated lymphomas will reduce the burden and unnecessary harm on patients. On the basis of these facts, EBVMCU was first described as a new clinicopathological entity by the World Health Organization in 2017. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological characteristics of previously reported EBVMCU cases, while focusing on up-to-date clinical, pathological, and genetic aspects.

We have previously established a clade IIb mpox virus (MPXV) pathogenic BALB/c mouse model for developing mpox countermeasures. Here, we comprehensively investigated the susceptibility of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice to MPXV and found that Clade IIb MPXV was capable of rapid replication in the lungs of both mouse strains, thus triggering similar dynamic pathological changes and antibody responses. However, C57BL/6 mice, compared to BALB/c mice, seem less susceptible to MPXV, evidenced by no significant weight loss, lower viral load, faster viral clearance, and earlier pathological improvement, as well as weaker antibody response. Interestingly, C57BL/6 mice intranasally infected with MPXV displayed a significant body weight loss, indicating the crucial role of innate immunity in the susceptibility to MPXV. The C57BL/6 model mimics clinical characteristics of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with mild mpox, which will be beneficial for exploring MPXV infection, transmission, pathogenesis, and immune responses.

Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) is one of the most serious pathogens harming M. salmoides juvenile, which had brought huge economic losses to farming industry. Studies involving candidate genes to the clinical diseases, however, are limited. In this study, the viral target and clinical manifestation of MSRV on M. salmoides juvenile were analyzed, and the protective effects of a single immune enhancer and a compound immune enhancer were evaluated. The results showed that the brain, liver, intestine and muscle of M. salmoides showed obvious lesions after infection with MSRV. The relative expression levels of nucleoprotein (N) and matrix protein (M) genes showed a trend of increasing at first and then decreasing and reached the peak in each tissue at 36 h post-infection. The mortality rate of M. salmoides was over 90% after 7 days of MSRV infection. The immune enhancers containing free nucleotides and Astragalus polysaccharide added to the diet effectively inhibited the replication of N and M genes in M. salmoides and increased the survival rate by 25% to 28%. This study provided basic data and theoretical reference for the analysis of the pathological mechanism and prevention and treatment of MSRV.