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Patrones de movimiento pueden ser identificados cuando se estudia un grupo de entidades móviles, como un grupo de personas, una bandada de pájaros, un banco de peces, un convoy de vehículos, entre otros. En este artículo, se analiza un patrón, conocido como liderazgo. Informalmente, este patrón se caracteriza por una entidad móvil llamada líder que motiva o representa el comportamiento de un grupo con el fin de alcanzar un objetivo durante un período. Se propone un método formal para estimar la posición y la dirección donde un líder debería estar ubicado y orientado en un punto del tiempo con el fin de liderar un grupo. Estas estimaciones pueden también ser útiles para verificar la consistencia de los datos de un patrón de liderazgo y para estimar la información faltante (posición y dirección) de un líder en un tiempo específico, i.e., un proceso de imputación. Con el fin de mostrar la conveniencia de la propuesta, se implementó y se desarrolló una serie de experimentos mediante Netlogo, un entorno programable de modelado para la simulación de fenómenos naturales y sociales.

The Mexican long‐nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) is a nectar‐feeding bat distributed seasonally between Mexico and the United States, and it has been declared an endangered species in both countries. Here, we describe for the first time the movement patterns and locations of foraging areas used by lactating females from the only known maternity roost in central Mexico. GPS loggers were placed on 29 lactating females, adhered to the interscapular area with short‐term surgical glue. We obtained movement tracks of at least one night for 21 different individuals. Movement patterns were identified using the first passage time segmentation method and classified into commutative and foraging flights. Bats made up to three trips on the same night, visiting between one and three foraging areas. On average, the total distance traveled was 61.72 km per night (minimum 23.11 km, maximum 160.55 km), and 37 foraging areas were identified, located between 13 and 40 km north of the roost, mainly in desert shrublands, followed by agricultural areas and temperate forests. In these places, they spent most of their time outside the roost (2.16 h mean ± 1.14 h SD), feeding on the resources available in an average area of 0.38 km2. Bats traveled long distances each night, using areas with abundant wild and human‐cultivated floral resources, reflecting the importance of integrating movement ecology for the design of conservation and habitat management strategies that ensure the availability of necessary resources for this species. RESUMEN El Murciélago Magueyero Mayor (Leptonycteris nivalis), es un murciélago nectarívoro que se distribuye estacionalmente entre México y Estados Unidos, la especie está declarada en peligro en ambos países. En este trabajo, describimos por primera vez los patrones de movimiento y las ubicaciones de las áreas de forrajeo de hembras lactantes en el único refugio de maternidad conocido en el centro de México. Se colocaron dispositivos GPS en 29 hembras lactantes, adheridos al área interescapular con pegamento quirúrgico de corta de duración. Se obtuvieron rutas de movimiento de al menos una noche para 21 individuos diferentes. Los patrones de movimiento se idenfiticaron utilizando el método de segmentación pasaje de primer tiempo y se clasificaron como vuelos conmutativos y de forrajeo. Los murciélagos realizaron hasta tres viajes en la misma noche y visitaron entre una a tres áreas de forrajeo. En promedio, la distancia total recorrida fue de 61.72 km por noche (mínimo 23.11 km, máximo 160.55 km). Se identificaron 37 áreas de forrajeo localizadas entre 13 y 40 km hacia el norte del refugio, principalmente en matorrales xerófilos, seguido de áreas agrícolas y bosques templados. En estos lugares, los murciélagos pasaron la mayor parte de su tiempo fuera del refugio (2.16 h mean ± 1.14 h SD), aliméntadose de los recursos disponibles en un área promedio de 0.38 km2. Los murciélagos recorren grandes distancias cada noche, utilizando áreas con abundantes recursos florales silvestres y cultivados, reflejando la importancia de integrar la ecología del movimiento en el diseño de estrategias de conservación y manejo de hábitat que aseguren la disponibilidad de los rercusos necesarios para la especie. We tracked 21 lactating females of a migratory and endangered nectar‐feeding bat using GPS devices, and analyzed their foraging movements in one of the most important maternity roosts for the conservation of the species. Bats foraged within 50 km from the roost, made up to three foraging trips on the same night, and visited multiple foraging grounds with an average area of 0.38 km2.

Latitudinal migration increases fitness of migrants by allowing them to exploit favorable conditions in nonadjacent geographic regions. Other consequences also may follow, such as interactions with parasites. Migrants may have lower parasite prevalence and abundance than resident individuals because of their ability to abandon infested areas or due to mortality of highly infested hosts. To further understand whether variation in ectoparasite loads is influenced by migration, we investigated whether prevalence and abundance of two species of obligate ectoparasites, the wing mite Periglischrus paracaligus (Mesostigmata: Spinturnicidae) and the bat fly Nycterophilia coxata (Diptera: Streblidae, Nycterophiliinae), of the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae, varied between migratory and resident populations throughout their range in Mexico. We examined the presence or absence of migratory behavior, as well as sex and reproductive status of the host because ectoparasitism differentially affects the sexes. Our results showed that the prevalence of both ectoparasites did not vary between migrant and resident females or males, but abundance of the wing mite P. paracaligus was lower in migrant females compared with resident females, with an important influence from the reproductive status of the host. A partial negative relationship between ectoparasite loads and latitudinal migration therefore was demonstrated.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la relación entre la autopercepción de las habilidades deportivas y el desempeño en dos patrones básicos fundamentales, saltar a distancia y lanzar por encima del hombro, en personas adultas-jóvenes. Un total de 155 estudiantes universitarios, participaron de manera voluntaria. La percepción de las habilidades deportivas se evaluó utilizando la subescala del instrumento “Perfil de autopercepción para adultos”; además se les evaluó el desempeño en el patrón de saltar a distancia y lanzar por encima del hombro utilizando el “Instrumento para la evaluación de Patrones Básicos de Movimiento”. Al aplicar la técnica de correlación no paramétrica de Spearman, se encontró una relación significativa entre el patrón de saltar y la percepción de las habilidades deportivas (rho = .353; p< .001), no así para el patrón de lanzar (rho = .137; p< .089). Al examinar la relación por sexo, se encontró el mismo comportamiento en los hombres y las mujeres. Considerando, que la percepción motriz y la competencia motriz están relacionados con el nivel de actividad física, fortalecer estos factores, puede ser una estrategia para disminuir los niveles de sedentarismo en la población. Abstract. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between perceived athletic abilities and actual motor performance in two fundamental motor skills, jumping and throwing, in young-adults. A total of 155 university students volunteered to participate and were assessed in the perception of athletic abilities, using the subscale of the instrument \"Self-perception Profile for Adults\"; in addition, the performance in fundamental motor skills for long distance jump and over-arm throw was assessed using the “Test for Fundamental Motor Skills in Adults”. Using Spearman's non-parametric correlation technique, a significant relationship was found between jump and athletic abilities (rho = .353; p <.001), but not for throw (rho = .137; p <.089). When analyzing the relationship by sex, the same behavior was found in men and women. Considering that motor perception and motor competence are related to physical activity levels, strengthening these factors may be a strategy to decrease sedentary lifestyle levels in the population. Abstract. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between perceived athletic abilities and actual motor performance in two fundamental motor skills, jumping and throwing, in young-adults. A total of 155 university students volunteered to participate and were assessed in the perception of athletic abilities, using the subscale of the instrument \"Self-perception Profile for Adults\"; in addition, the performance in fundamental motor skills for long distance jump and over-arm throw was assessed using the “Test for Fundamental Motor Skills in Adults”. Using Spearman's non-parametric correlation technique, a significant relationship was found between jump and athletic abilities (rho = .353; p <.001), but not for throw (rho = .137; p <.089). When analyzing the relationship by sex, the same behavior was found in men and women. Considering that motor perception and motor competence are related to physical activity levels, strengthening these factors may be a strategy to decrease sedentary lifestyle levels in the population. Resumo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi examinar a relação entre a autopercepção das habilidades esportivas e o desempenho em dois padrões fundamentais básicos: salto à distância e arremesso por cima do ombro, em adultos jovens. Participaram voluntariamente 155 estudantes universitários. A percepção das habilidades esportivas foi avaliada utilizando a subescala do instrumento \"Perfil de autopercepção para adultos\"; Além disso, eles foram avaliados quanto ao desempenho no padrão de pular à distância e atirar por cima do ombro usando o “Instrumento para Avaliação de Padrões Básicos de Movimento”. Aplicando a técnica de correlação não paramétrica de Spearman, foi encontrada uma relação significativa entre o padrão de salto e a percepção das habilidades esportivas (rho = 0,335; p <0,001), mas não para o padrão de arremesso (rho = .137; p <0,089). Ao examinar o relacionamento por sexo, o mesmo comportamento foi encontrado em homens e mulheres. Considerando que a percepção motora e a competência motora estão relacionadas ao nível de atividade física, o fortalecimento desses fatores pode ser uma estratégia para diminuir os níveis de sedentarismo na população.

 Resumen. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar si la práctica en bloque o aleatoria facilita el desempeño del patrón de lanzar por encima del hombro en adultos. Un total de 55 participantes (edad promedio 19 ± 2 años) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a uno de tres grupos (control, práctica en bloque, práctica aleatoria). Los participantes asistieron a un total de seis sesiones experimentales y realizaron un total de 360 intentos. Después de aplicar un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de 3 vías mixto [Grupo (3) x Sexo (2) x Medición (2)] con medidas repetidas en el último factor. Se encontró una interacción doble significativa de grupo x medición, el análisis pos-hoc indicó que ambos grupos experimentales mejoraron significativamente en el desempeño de la destreza y que ambos grupos presentan mejor desempeño que el grupo control en el postest. Adicionalmente, se encontró una diferencia significativa en el factor de sexo, lo que indica que los hombres presentan un mejor desempeño en comparación con las mujeres. Se concluye que el uso de la práctica en bloque y aleatoria promueven el desempeño del patrón de lanzar por encima del hombro en adultos. Se recomienda evaluar la fase de retención y realizar una medición de trasferencia con el fin de comprobar el aprendizaje de la destreza. Además, se recomienda, considerar otras variables como la habilidad del participante y la edad, para conocer el alcance la práctica aleatoria y en bloque en el aprendizaje de la destreza.Abstract. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of random and blocked practice in the performance of overarm throw in adults. A total of 55 participants (mean age 19± 2 yr.) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (control, blocked practice, or random practice). After six sessions of practice (for a total of 360 trials), a 3 way ANOVA [Group(3) x Gender(2) x Test(2)] results showed no triple interaction. A double interaction was found for Group by Test. Post-hoc analysis showed that the two experimental groups significantly improved in performance during acquisition phase, and both groups were significantly better than the control group in the acquisition phase. Also, a main effect for Gender was found, showing that men performed better than women. Therefore, performance of overarm throw benefits from random and blocked practice at the acquisition phase. We recommend evaluating retention and transferring phase to asses learning of the skill. Also, consider other variables as participants’ skill level, age, and others, for a better understanding of both types of practice used. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of random and blocked practice in the performance of overarm throw in adults. A total of 55 participants (mean age 19± 2 yr.) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (control, blocked practice, or random practice). After six sessions of practice (for a total of 360 trials), a 3 way ANOVA [Group(3) x Gender(2) x Test(2)] results showed no triple interaction. A double interaction was found for Group by Test. Post-hoc analysis showed that the two experimental groups significantly improved in performance during acquisition phase, and both groups were significantly better than the control group in the acquisition phase. Also, a main effect for Gender was found, showing that men performed better than women. Therefore, performance of overarm throw benefits from random and blocked practice at the acquisition phase. We recommend evaluating retention and transferring phase to asses learning of the skill. Also, consider other variables as participants’ skill level, age, and others, for a better understanding of both types of practice used.

Los entrenadores y preparadores físicos deben conocer las demandas físicas y fisiológicas del hockey hierba para poder programar los entrenamientos orientados a las necesidades de la competición. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los patrones de movimiento en competición en jugadoras de hockey hierba en a lo largo de los cuatro periodos de partido. Participaron 18 jugadoras (22.8 ± 2.9 años), las cuales fueron monitorizadas mediante GPS y pulsómetro. Las jugadoras recorrieron 6668 m, de los cuales 276 fueron a alta intensidad (>18 km·h-1), con una velocidad media de 99.33 m·min-1 y se realizaron 7.28 sprints (>20 km·h-1) por partido. Las jugadoras que completaron todo el partido disminuyeron la distancia recorrida en el último cuarto (p < .001), no siendo así en las sustitutas. La frecuencia cardiaca máxima alcanzada en el último cuarto fue menor que en los anteriores (p < .001). Podemos considerar el hockey como un deporte de intensidad intermitente capaz de producir fatiga, por lo que los cambios rotatorios en el partido deben ser bien gestionados por los entrenadores.Abstract. Coaches and physical trainers must know the physical and physiological demands of field hockey to be able to tailor trainings based on the specific competition needs. The objective of the study was to analyze the patterns of movement of field hockey players during competition throughout four match quarters. A total of 18 players (22.8 ± 2.9 years of age), were monitored with GPS and heart rate monitor. The players covered 6,668 m, 276 of which were at high intensity (>18 km·h-1); an average speed of 99.33 m·min-1 and 7.28 sprints (> 20 km·h-1) were recorded by match. Those players who played the full match decreased the distance covered in the last quarter (p <.001), substitutes not displaying that trend. The maximum heart rate reached in the last quarter was lower than in the previous ones (p <.001). We can consider hockey as an intermittent intensity sport producing fatigue, therefore coaches should manage rotational changes during match with efficiency.

Carnivores face important anthropogenic threats in agricultural areas from habitat loss and fragmentation, disturbance by domestic free-roaming dogs and cats, and direct hunting by humans. Anthropogenic disturbances are shifting the activity patterns of wild animals, likely modifying species interactions. We estimated changes in the activity patterns of the mesocarnivore guild of agricultural landscapes of the La Araucanía region in southern Chile in response to land-use intensification, comparing intra- and interspecific activity patterns at low and high levels of forest cover, fragmentation, and land ownership subdivision. Our focal species comprise the güiña or kod-kod (Leopardus guigna), two fox species (Lycalopex culpaeus and L. griseus), a skunk (Conepatus chinga), and one native mustelid (Galictis cuja), in addition to free-roaming dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) and their main mammalian prey species (i.e., Rodentia and Lagomorpha). In 23,373 trap nights, we totaled 21,729 independent records of our focal species. Our results show tendencies toward nocturnality at high land-use intensification, with potential impacts on species fitness. Nocturnal mesocarnivores decreased their diurnal/ crepuscular activity, while cathemeral activity shifted to nocturnal activity at high land-use intensification, but only when in sympatry with a competitor. High land-use intensification decreased the activity overlap between native and domestic mesocarnivores but increased the overlap between native mesocarnivores. High intensification also reduced overlap with prey species. Notably, foxes displayed peaks of activity opposing those of dogs, and plasticity in activity pattern when in sympatry with dogs, such as strategies to avoid encounters. We stress the need to suppress the free-roaming and unsupervised activity of dogs to mitigate impacts of high land-use intensification on mesocarnivores.

Objective: To evaluate a group of features in a myoelectric pattern recognition algorithm to differentiate between five angular positions of the wrist during flexion-extension movements. Materials and Methods: An experimental configuration was made to capture the EMG and wrist joint angle related to flexion-extension movements. After that, a myoelectric pattern recognition algorithm based on a multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) was implemented. Three different groups were used: Time domain characteristics, autoregressive (AR) model parameters, and representation of time frequency using Wavelet transform (WT). Results and Discussion: The experimental results of 10 healthy subjects indicate that the coefficients of the AR models offer the best parameters for classification, with a differentiation rate of 78 % for the five angular positions studied. The combination of frequency and time frequency resulted in a differentiation rate that reached 82 %. Conclusions: An algorithm based on pattern recognition of EMG signals was used to carry out a comparative study of groups of features that allow for the differentiation of the angular position of the wrist in terms of flexion-extension movements. The method has the potential for application in the field of rehabilitation engineering to detect the user’s movement intent.

En este trabajo mostramos que en lengua yaqui se distinguen cuatro patrones lexicales: i) movimiento y trayectoria; ii) movimiento y manera; iii) movimiento, trayectoria y causa; y iv) movimiento, trayectoria y figura. Asimismo, determinamos que la ocurrencia de un patrón lexical tiene implicaciones en la estructura sintáctica del evento de movimiento, pues los eventos con patrones lexicales i), ii) y iv) tienen una estructura sintáctica intransitiva, donde la figura corresponde con el sujeto de la oración. Mientras que los eventos con patrón lexical iii) tienen una estructura sintáctica transitiva, donde la figura corresponde con el objeto directo.

La disminución de las poblaciones de chigüiro (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) en la Orinoquía colombiana, han motivado investigaciones que permitan la conservación y manejo de la especie. Con este fin, se analizaron los movimientos y el área de acción de cuatro individuos en la sabana inundable del Casanare (Orinoquía colombiana), en época de verano. Se empleó la técnica de telemetría para su seguimiento durante los meses de enero y febrero en intervalos de tres horas, entre las ocho de la mañana y cinco de la tarde. Se obtuvieron 243 localizaciones para la determinación del área de acción la cual fue estimada en 6,19 ha (SE 0,14) en promedio para los cuatro animales. Las diferencias de las áreas de acción entre la época de invierno (32,74 ha) y verano, evidencia la necesidad de los cuerpos de agua para estos animales y la vulnerabilidad de los mismos en época seca. Se discute la importancia de la determinación del patrón de movimientos de estos animales en diferentes épocas para la conservación o manejo de la especie. Estos elementos deben ser considerados en el diseño y tamaño de un área de manejo, así como en programas de aumento de la población o adecuación de hábitats, entre otros.