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\"Two seeds cant wait to be pears, but growing takes time and patience\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
My beloved man : the letters of Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears
It's a life of the two of us.' This volume comprises the complete surviving correspondence between Benjamin Britten and Peter Pears. The 365 letters written throughout their 39-year relationship are here brought together and published, as Pears intended, for the first time. While the correspondence provides valuable evidence of the development of Britten's works, more significant is the insight into his relationship with Pears and their day-to-day life together. Entertaining to read, domestic and intimate, the letters provide glimpses of cultural and artistic life in the twentieth century, including pacifism and conscientious objection, critical assessments of music and other artists, transport and communications development in the twentieth century, the 'Aldeburgh corpses', art collecting, gossip, everyday life in an English country house, the development of the Aldeburgh Festival, performance practice in early music, looking after dachshunds, travel, and a host of other topics. Above all, when read together, Britten and Pears's letters allow the clearest possible look 'behind the scenes' of one of the most productive creative partnerships of the twentieth century.
Book
Diversification and independent domestication of Asian and European pears
Background
Pear (
Pyrus
) is a globally grown fruit, with thousands of cultivars in five domesticated species and dozens of wild species. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of these pear species and what has contributed to the distinct phenotypic traits between Asian pears and European pears.
Results
We report the genome resequencing of 113 pear accessions from worldwide collections, representing both cultivated and wild pear species. Based on 18,302,883 identified SNPs, we conduct phylogenetics, population structure, gene flow, and selective sweep analyses. Furthermore, we propose a model for the divergence, dissemination, and independent domestication of Asian and European pears in which pear, after originating in southwest China and then being disseminated throughout central Asia, has eventually spread to western Asia, and then on to Europe. We find evidence for rapid evolution and balancing selection for S-RNase genes that have contributed to the maintenance of self-incompatibility, thus promoting outcrossing and accounting for pear genome diversity across the Eurasian continent. In addition, separate selective sweep signatures between Asian pears and European pears, combined with co-localized QTLs and differentially expressed genes, underline distinct phenotypic fruit traits, including flesh texture, sugar, acidity, aroma, and stone cells.
Conclusions
This study provides further clarification of the evolutionary history of pear along with independent domestication of Asian and European pears. Furthermore, it provides substantive and valuable genomic resources that will significantly advance pear improvement and molecular breeding efforts.
Journal Article
Transcriptomic analysis of ‘Suli’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group) buds during the dormancy by RNA-Seq
Background
Bud dormancy is a critical developmental process that allows perennial plants to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Pear is one of the most important deciduous fruit trees in the world, but the mechanisms regulating bud dormancy in this species are unknown. Because genomic information for pear is currently unavailable, transcriptome and digital gene expression data for this species would be valuable resources to better understand the molecular and biological mechanisms regulating its bud dormancy.
Results
We performed
de novo
transcriptome assembly and digital gene expression (DGE) profiling analyses of ‘Suli’ pear (
Pyrus pyrifolia
white pear group) using the Illumina RNA-seq system. RNA-Seq generated approximately 100 M high-quality reads that were assembled into 69,393 unigenes (mean length = 853 bp), including 14,531 clusters and 34,194 singletons. A total of 51,448 (74.1%) unigenes were annotated using public protein databases with a cut-off E-value above 10
-5
. We mainly compared gene expression levels at four time-points during bud dormancy. Between Nov. 15 and Dec. 15, Dec. 15 and Jan. 15, and Jan. 15 and Feb. 15, 1,978, 1,024, and 3,468 genes were differentially expressed, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analysis arranged 190 significantly differentially-expressed genes into seven groups. Seven genes were randomly selected to confirm their expression levels using quantitative real-time PCR.
Conclusions
The new transcriptomes offer comprehensive sequence and DGE profiling data for a dynamic view of transcriptomic variation during bud dormancy in pear. These data provided a basis for future studies of metabolism during bud dormancy in non-model but economically-important perennial species.
Journal Article
Relationship between minerals and physicochemical parameters with fruit quality in ‘Rocha’ pear orchards
Aims
At the same location, variability among orchards may be high, which is reflected in fruit quality, and it may be associated mainly with growers’ practices. This study aimed to identify physicochemical variability within pears (
Pyrus communis
L. cv 'Rocha') from three orchards from the same location and under the same climate conditions and correlate it with mineral composition.
Methods
Fruits from three orchards harvested at the optimal harvest time were characterized during ripening under shelf-life conditions of 7 d at 20 ± 2 °C. The analyses performed included ethylene production, respiration rate, fruit quality (firmness, skin colour, soluble solids, and titratable acidity), macro and micronutrients, ethylene biosynthesis enzymes, esters, sugars, and organic acids. Principal component analysis was used to show the variability among fruits from the three orchards and to correlate the differences with the fruit mineral composition.
Results
Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were significantly correlated with esters and soluble solids content (r
∼
0.4 for both minerals). Fruits with higher P and K concentrations were associated with a potential over-ripeness pattern considering their higher acetate production and lower sugar concentration. Esters, soluble sugars, and sorbitol were the dominant fruit quality factors responsible for the differences among the orchards.
Conclusion
With this study it is expected that a better understanding of the relationship between specific minerals and quality parameters can help growers manage their orchards more efficiently and achieve consumers’ quality demands.
Journal Article
Ethylene mediates the branching of the jasmonate‐induced flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by suppressing anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese pear fruits
Summary Flavonoid accumulation in most fruits is enhanced by ethylene and jasmonate. However, little is known about the hormone functions related to red pear fruit coloration or their combined effects and potential underlying mechanisms. Various treatments were used to investigate the flavonoid metabolite profile and pear transcriptome to verify the effects of ethylene and jasmonate on flavonoid biosynthesis in red pear fruits as well as the mechanism behind this. Ethylene inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese pear fruits, whereas jasmonate increases anthocyanin and flavone/isoflavone biosyntheses. The branching of the jasmonate‐induced flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is determined by ethylene. Co‐expression network and Mfuzz analyses revealed 4,368 candidate transcripts. Additionally, ethylene suppresses PpMYB10 and PpMYB114 expression via TF repressors, ultimately decreasing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Jasmonate induces anthocyanin accumulation through transcriptional or post‐translational regulation of TFs‐like MYB and bHLH in the absence of ethylene. However, jasmonate induces ethylene biosynthesis and the associated signalling pathway in pear, thereby decreasing anthocyanin production, increasing the availability of the precursors for flavone/isoflavone biosynthesis and enhancing deep yellow fruit coloration. We herein present new phenotypes and fruit coloration regulatory patterns controlled by jasmonate and ethylene, and confirm that the regulation of fruit coloration is complex.
Journal Article