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Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDPs) are a leading cause of poor maternal and birth outcomes worldwide. Prompt management of these disorders is usually recommended to optimize outcomes. Administration of pharmacotherapeutic agents is critical in the prevention and management of these disorders. The services of the pharmacist are required to maximize the benefits of drug therapy during prevention and management. There is a paucity of data on the effectiveness of pharmacist‐led interventions in the management of these disorders in Ghana. This study investigated the effect of a pharmacist‐led intervention on knowledge, adherence to antihypertensive medication, and blood pressure (BP) control among pregnant women. A quasi‐experimental study was conducted. The study was carried out among pregnant women with moderate to high risk of developing HDPs and seeking antenatal care at a university hospital in Kumasi, Ghana. The pharmaceutical care model comprising health education, counseling, and medication administration reminders was provided fortnightly to study participants till delivery. Differences in pre‐ and post‐intervention median scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. The mean age was 35.7 years (± 1.2). The overall median knowledge and adherence scores increased significantly after the intervention by 11 versus 17 (p < 0.001) and 5 versus 9 (p < 0.001), respectively. Pharmaceutical intervention increased the proportion of mothers who were adherent by 68.9% (95% CI, 53.9–83.8%; p < 0.001). The commonest side effect of the two first‐line antihypertensives (nifedipine and methyldopa) was headache. About 91% of the women delivered vaginally, and almost all (97.8%) of all deliveries were live births. Pharmacist‐led interventions had a positive impact on the knowledge of HDPs and adherence to antihypertensive medication in the study setting. Thus, incorporating pharmaceutical care into antenatal care would be worthwhile.

Around 65 million individuals suffer from epilepsy worldwide, and when it is not properly treated, it is linked to higher rates of physical harm and mortality. Due to the requirement for long‐term therapy and the side effects of many medications, medication compliance is a significant issue. The purpose of this review was to summarize the findings of previous studies examining the quality of life (QOL), adherence, patient education, and medication knowledge, as well as the impact of a pharmacist‐led educational intervention. Additionally, to find out if these studies benefit epileptic patients, to find the appropriate method used to help them in all aspects of their lives, and to use these in future studies. A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted using specific keywords from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. A significantly poorer QOL was linked to prolonged antiepileptic drug use or poor adherence as well as psychiatric problems. Neglect was the most frequent reason for nonadherence. The frequency of seizures was greatly reduced, and the adherence was significantly increased by patient education and medication understanding. Patient awareness, adherence, QOL, and seizure frequency were dramatically improved following the intervention. In the absence of optimal treatment, epilepsy is associated with increased rates of bodily injuries and mortality. It is crucial to increase patient education and knowledge about disease and treatment in order to improve adherence, and QOL. Intervention by a chemist is required to achieve these results. Quality of Life, Adherence and Knowledge of Epileptic Patients and the Impact of a Pharmacist‐Led Educational Intervention: A Review.

Pharmacist-led interventions are increasingly integrated into hematology-oncology care to address complex pharmacotherapy and medication safety challenges. However, their impact within hematological malignancies has not been comprehensively synthesized across clinical, process-related, and economic domains. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate pharmacist-led interventions in patients with hematological malignancies across inpatient and outpatient settings. Thirty-three studies were included. Owing to substantial heterogeneity in study design, interventions, and outcome definitions, a structured qualitative synthesis was performed, with findings grouped by clinical, process-related, and economic outcomes. Thirty-three studies were included, reporting clinical ( = 24), process-related ( = 23), and economic outcomes ( = 8). Pharmacist-led interventions most consistently improved medication management processes, including identification and resolution of drug-related problems, drug interaction management, and care coordination, with high acceptance rates of pharmacist recommendations. Several studies also reported improvements in medication adherence, toxicity management, and selected patient-reported outcomes; however, findings for disease response, survival, and hospitalization were heterogeneous and not consistently statistically significant. Economic evaluations were limited but suggested potential cost savings and favorable returns on investment associated with pharmacist involvement. Pharmacist-led interventions in hematology-oncology care improve medication management processes and may contribute to better adherence and medication safety. However, evidence for effects on clinical and economic outcomes remains limited and heterogeneous, highlighting the need for well-designed prospective studies using standardized outcome measures. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251147239, identifier CRD420251147239.

Pharmaceutical care (PhC) services interventions led by pharmacists within community pharmacies (CPs) are essential in achieving optimal medication use outcomes. PhC is a concept related to medication use goals optimization through the reduction and prevention of drug-related problems (DRPs). This review paper summarized the literature on pharmacist-led PhC interventions within CPs. PubMed and Google Scholar publications were searched, identified, and summarized. Results showed that some studies handled community pharmacists' roles, and some talked about PhC interventions. However, some studies reviewed the use of medicines, adherence, and follow-up, while other groups were on counseling, patient education, and health promotion. Pharmacists integrated some studies concerning diagnosis and disease screening into community pharmacy services. Besides these studies, there were studies on system design and installation of PhC service models. Most of the identified research results showed pharmacist-led intervention benefits for patients. These benefits include reduced DRPs, clinical, economical, humane, education and knowledge, disease prevention and immunization, identification of practice process problems, and the need for current practice redesigning. In conclusion, pharmacists can help patients achieve optimal outcomes through pharmacist-led interventions. Despite mentioned results, We recommend researching comprehensively applied PhC services provision models within CPs for more pharmacists-led interventions and role activation.

Aim Although pharmacist-led interventions in anticoagulant (AC) therapy are widely accepted, there is a lack of evidence comparing their effectiveness with usual care in terms of AC therapy appropriateness and clinical outcomes. We aimed to estimate the comparative effectiveness of pharmacist-led interventions on the appropriateness and clinical outcomes of AC therapy. Methods and results Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases to identify randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental and cohort studies published between 2010 and 2023. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled intervention effects. We assessed heterogeneity (using Higgins’ I2 and Cochran's Q) and publication bias (using Egger's test, the trim-and-fill method, and visualization of the funnel plot). In total, 35 studies involving 10 374 patients in the intervention groups and 11 840 in the control groups were included. The pharmacist-led interventions significantly improved the appropriateness of AC therapy [odds ratio (OR): 3.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33–5.06, P < 0.01]. They significantly decreased total bleeding [relative risk (RR): 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58–0.96, P = 0.03) and hospitalization or readmission (RR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41–0.99, P = 0.04). However, the impact of the pharmacist-led interventions on thromboembolic events (RR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.46–1.02, P = 0.07) and mortality (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.51–1.13, P = 0.17) was not significant. Conclusion Pharmacist-led interventions demonstrated superior outcomes in optimizing AC therapy compared with usual care. Further research is needed to evaluate pharmacist-led interventions’ cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023487362. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a predominant cause of mortality. Pharmacists play an important role in secondary prevention of CVD, however, their role in cardiac rehabilitation is under-reported and services are under-utilised.AimTo explore the role of pharmacists in cardiac rehabilitation, the impact of their interventions on patient outcomes, and prospects of future role development.MethodDatabases searched were PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and PsycINFO from January 2006 to October 2021. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials were selected if they assessed the role of pharmacists in cardiac rehabilitation. Cochrane risk of bias tool, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool for Quasi-Experimental Studies and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NIH) quality assessment tool, were used to assess quality and a narrative synthesis was conducted.ResultsThe search yielded 786 studies, only five met the inclusion criteria. The pharmacist-led interventions included patient education, medication review and reconciliation, and medication adherence encouragement. Four out of the five studies showed that pharmacist-led interventions in cardiac rehabilitation significantly improved patient clinical and non-clinical outcomes. One study showed a statistically significant reduction in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels to optimal target of < 70 mg/dL (80% vs 60%, p = 0.0084). Two studies reported better medication adherence, and two studies showed greater improvement in all domains of health-related quality of life observed in the intervention group.ConclusionPharmacist-led interventions in cardiac rehabilitation could lower CVD risk factors and hence recurrence. Although these findings support pharmacists’ involvement in cardiac rehabilitation, larger intervention studies are needed to evaluate the feasibility of pharmacist-led interventions and their impact on hospital admissions and mortality risk.

IntroductionClinical pharmacy services often involve multifaceted pharmacist-led interventions. However, current pharmacy practice models vary across different countries. Despite the documented benefits of clinical pharmacy services, the characteristics of pharmacist-led interventions in different countries have not yet been adequately explored and described. Therefore, this protocol outlines the methodology for a proposed scoping review aiming to investigate various types of multifaceted pharmacist-led interventions and the outcomes used to evaluate their effectiveness within secondary care settings. Additionally, the scoping review will map the current evidence surrounding the characteristics of interventions and outcomes reported across various countries of socioeconomic status.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be conducted according to the JBI Methodology for Scoping Reviews and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. We will systematically search the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EbscoHost), Embase (embase.com), Scopus (scopus.com), Cochrane Library (cochranelibrary.com) and APA PsycInfo (Ovid). Additionally, the reference lists of identified reviews and included full texts will be searched for relevant papers. Grey literature sources, such as International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) website, will be searched. We will include primary studies published in the English language from January 2013 to December 2023, involving secondary care multifaceted pharmacist-led interventions. Two independent reviewers will screen studies against eligibility criteria and use a piloted data extraction form to extract relevant information. We will extract relevant data, complete a tabular summary from each included publication and analyse it.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required as we will be using data from publicly available literature sources. Findings will be disseminated in publications and presentations with relevant stakeholders. We aim to map available evidence across the breadth of studies that have reported multifaceted pharmacist-led interventions and their outcomes.

Medication adherence plays an important role in glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) self-management. To analyze the factors influencing medication adherence in T2DM patients and the effect of pharmacist-led interventions, we conducted a study in Beijing, China. T2DM patients with hypoglycemic drugs for at least 6 months were enrolled. A pharmacist-led survey was conducted followed by individualized interventions for those non-adherent patients monthly within 3 months. FPG, HbA1c, and 2hPG were measured as the comprehensive glycemic control. Medication adherence was determined according to the patient's self-reported compliance with prescribed medication during the last 3 months. A total of 763 T2DM patients were included. The average age was 63.26±11.89 years, with 363 males. After pharmacist intervention, the patients with good adherence increased from 34.21% to 39.06%, while poor adherence decreased from 32.5% to 24.5% (p < 0.001). The average adherence score was a significant increase (p < 0.001) from 27.846±4.185 to 29.831±7.065. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that pharmacist-led interventions significantly increased glycemic control (FPG from 42.33% to 53.60%, p < 0.001; 2hPG from 41.68% to 48.75%, p = 0.005; HbA1c from 24.12% to 29.23%, p = 0.024). The results found that body mass index (OR 0.643, 95% CI 0.437-0.945), use of medications empirically (occasionally (OR=3.066, 95% CI 2.069-4.543); often (OR=2.984, 95% CI 1.107-8.044)), following the doctor's advice to visit (OR 2.129, 95% CI 1.079-4.202) and lifestyle compliance (OR 2.835, 95% CI 1.094-7.346) were the independent risk factors of non-adherence ( < 0.05), the area under the ROC curve was 0.716. Self-reported medication adherence and glycemic control in T2DM patients were poor which can be improved by pharmacist-led interventions. Interventions should focus on empirical medication behavior, non-adherence to lifestyle, and failure to follow the doctor's advice. The recall bias with self-reported results needs further objective data to verify.

Clinical pharmacists play a critical role in cardiology by optimizing pharmacotherapy and improving patient outcomes. However, despite their growing importance, standardized quality indicators to evaluate their impact in clinical practice remain lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a set of cardiology-specific Quality Indicator Drug Therapy Problems (QI-DTPs) defined as medication-related quality indicators focused on identifying, preventing, and resolving drug therapy problems-using a modified Delphi technique in Saudi Arabia. Twenty-three candidate QI-DTPs were developed based on a comprehensive review of current cardiology guidelines and evidence-based literature, refined by an expert advisory group. A panel of sixteen experienced clinical pharmacists with cardiology expertise from Saudi Arabia evaluated these indicators using a modified Delphi approach conducted over three iterative rounds. Each indicator was rated on a nine-point Likert scale (1 = strong disagreement to 9 = strong agreement). Indicators achieving ≥75% consensus were considered validated. Sixteen expert clinical pharmacists participated (69% male, 31% female), most of whom had completed a pharmacy residency and had cardiology-related clinical experience. High levels of agreement were achieved across the Delphi rounds, and all 23 proposed QI-DTPs met the predefined ≥75% consensus threshold, demonstrating strong agreement regarding their relevance, clarity, and applicability in cardiology practice. The study successfully identified and validated 23 QI-DTPs, reflecting strong consensus among clinical pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Implementation of these indicators in clinical practice could enhance the quality of cardiovascular care, reinforce pharmacist-led interventions, and promote medication safety. Future research should assess the direct impact of these quality metrics on patient outcomes.

Objective: This review examines pharmacist-led interventions for their impact on health outcomes and their effectiveness. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, targeting RCTs up to November 2023 focused on pharmacist-led interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Studies were reviewed for bias risk and evidence quality, followed by a narrative summary of the outcomes. Results: Nine RCTs with 2,094 participants were included, focusing on educational interventions to promote awareness, medication adherence, quality of life, and effective use of inhaler techniques. Significant health improvements were noted in the intervention groups in eight out of nine studies compared to control groups, though concerns about high bias risk and lack of blinding were noted. The GRADE evaluation showed evidence quality ranged from “low” to “very low.” Conclusion: Pharmacist-led interventions show promise in improving COPD health outcomes, reinforcing the pharmacist’s role in disease management. However, the current evidence base is limited by methodological weaknesses, highlighting the need for high-quality research to validate and expand these findings.