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Cereals possess functional and nutritional properties already consolidated in the literature; they are also an excellent source of health-promoting bioactive compounds. This work aimed to determine the best solvents to extract phenolic compounds from black oat, rye, and wheat through a simplex centroid design, using pure solvents and binary and ternary mixtures. The response variables were the total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the antioxidants (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were quantified. For optimized extract, the phenolic compounds were identified by UHPLC. An optimization study for the recovery of antioxidant compounds from these cereals to obtain extracts with better antioxidant properties is reported. The water and acetone binary mixture extracted 18, 49, and 110% more than water and 3.2, 4.0, and 5.5 times more than TPC acetone for black oat, rye, and wheat, respectively. Chromatography identified that rye has the highest number of phenolic compounds, including vanillic acid (3008.64 μg g-1), ellagic acid 352.05 μg g-1, hesperetin 24.33 μg g-1, and formononetin. To conclude, the binary mixture of water and acetone was the best condition to obtain a maximized extract for the analyses in the optimized proportions of solvents for the extract are as follows: 0.52/0.48 for oats, 0.46/0.54 rye and 0.33/0.67 for wheat, respectively. This study optimizes the time and improves quality in measuring antioxidants, both for cereals and derivatives, and for evaluating the potential of new products.

Worldwide, millets are regarded as a significant grain, however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse content of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets compromise phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Moreover, finger millet has an exceptionally unique, more abundant, and diverse phenolic profile compared to pearl millet. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. The presence of phytochemicals in millet grains has positive effect on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merited the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Including these grains in the diet may improve health and decrease the risks of diseases. Pearl millet of 50% or more can be used in broiler diets without adversely affecting broiler performance or egg production. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. Thus, the core aim of this review is to provide insight and comprehension about the nutritional and phenolic status of millets and their impact on human and livestock.

Broccoli sprouts contain health-promoting phytochemicals that can be enhanced by applying ultraviolet light (UV) or phytohormones. The separate and combined effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ), UVA, or UVB lights on glucosinolate, phenolic, carotenoid, and chlorophyll profiles were assessed in broccoli sprouts. Seven-day-old broccoli sprouts were exposed to UVA (9.47 W/m2) or UVB (7.16 W/m2) radiation for 120 min alone or in combination with a 25 µM MJ solution, also applied to sprouts without UV supplementation. UVA + MJ and UVB + MJ treatments increased the total glucosinolate content by ~154% and ~148%, respectively. MJ induced the biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates, especially neoglucobrassicin (~538%), showing a synergistic effect with UVA stress. UVB increased the content of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates, such as glucoraphanin (~78%) and 4-methoxy-glucobrassicin (~177%). UVA increased several phenolics such as gallic acid (~57%) and a kaempferol glucoside (~25.4%). MJ treatment decreased most phenolic levels but greatly induced accumulation of 5-sinapoylquinic acid (~239%). MJ treatments also reduced carotenoid and chlorophyll content, while UVA increased lutein (~23%), chlorophyll b (~31%), neoxanthin (~34%), and chlorophyll a (~67%). Results indicated that UV- and/or MJ-treated broccoli sprouts redirect the carbon flux to the biosynthesis of specific glucosinolates, phenolics, carotenoids, and chlorophylls depending on the type of stress applied.

The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and quantify soluble free phenolics, conjugated acid-hydrolysable phenolics (AHP) and alkaline-hydrolysable phenolics, and bound phenolics (BP) fractions from two tomato varieties (saladette and grape) and an industrial tomato by-product, as well as, to determine their antioxidant capacity. Phenolic composition was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu’s method and HPLC–DAD. AHP were predominant in grape and saladette tomato extracts (91.47 ± 17.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g dry extract (DE) and 57.41 ± 8.80 mg GAE per g DE, respectively), while BP form was predominant in tomato by-product (51.30 ± 10.91 GAE per g DE). AHP extract of grape tomato presented the highest antioxidant capacity by DPPH assay (252.35 ± 42.55 μmol trolox equiv (TE) per g DE). In the case of ORAC assay, AHP fractions from both grape (1005.19 ± 138.52 μmol TE per g DE) and saladette tomatoes (804.16 ± 131.45 μmol TE per g DE), and BP fraction from by-product (852.40 ± 71.46 μmol TE per g DE) showed the highest ORAC values. Caffeic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid and it was found mainly in its conjugated forms. Naringenin was the most abundant flavonoid and it was mainly detected in bound form. Our analysis allowed a better characterization of phenolic compounds in whole tomato and by-product, remarking the importance of the fractionation. The valorization of the industrial tomato by-product, through the use of its different fractions of phenolic antioxidant compounds, could generate additional income to the tomato industry and reduce the waste disposal problem.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid fermentation using three Lactobacillus strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 90, Lactobacillus helveticus 76, and Lacticaseibacillus casei 37) in monoculture and binary mixture on phenolics profile, antioxidant activity and flavor volatiles in pear juice. Results showed that the colony counts of binary mixture were higher than monoculture in fermented pear juice. The total content of phenols was increased, while that of flavonoids was decreased significantly during fermentation (p < 0.05). Antioxidant activities in fermented peer juice including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Binary mixture of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 90 and Lacticaseibacillus casei 37 fermentation exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging ability, due to the increase in vanillic acid and arbutin contents. Furthermore, lactic acid fermentation improved the formation of alcohols, esters, acids and terpenoids, and reduced the contents of aldehydes and ketones. Thirty new compounds including 15 alcohols, seven esters, five acids, and three terpenoids were observed in fermented pear juice. Hierarchical cluster revealed that flavor volatiles in pear juice were improved dramatically by Lactobacillus strains fermentation, and there were dramatic differences between monoculture and binary mixture.

The phenolic profiles, hypoglycemic activity, and molecular mechanism of the effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) of four highland barley varieties were investigated in the present study. The fundamental phenolics in highland barley were ferulic acid, naringin, and catechin, which mainly existed in bound form. These varieties showed favorable hypoglycemic activity via inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, enhancement of glucose consumption, glycogen accumulation and glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) activity, and down-regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activities. Specifically, ZQ320 variety exhibited the strongest hypoglycemic activity compared to the other varieties. Highland barley phenolics could inhibit gluconeogenesis and motivate glycogen synthesis via down-regulating the gene expression of G6Pase, PEPCK, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), while activating the expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine kinase (Akt), GYS2, and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). Therefore, phenolics from highland barley could be served as suitable candidates for therapeutic agent in T2DM to improve human health.

This study aimed to assess the chemical composition, specifically metal content, phenolics, and fatty acids, of two bryophyte species, Polytrichum formosum and Polytrichum commune, which belong to the Polytrichaceae family. The bioactivities of these species were also evaluated. Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used to analyze 13 elements, revealing the presence of 10 elements at varying concentrations in both species. Iron (Fe) was the most prominent element in P. formosum, with a concentration of 7610 mg/kg, whereas calcium (Ca) was the most prominent element in P. commune, at a concentration of 8430 mg/kg. The high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 53 phenolic compounds, with quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, and fisetin being the most prominent with concentrations of 4.45, 2.26, and 1.46 mg analyte/g extract, respectively. When evaluated for total phenolic content, P. commune had a higher concentration of phenolic compounds than P. formosum. The fatty acid profile obtained via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed higher concentrations of oleic acid (36.6% for P. formosum and 38.0% for P. commune) and palmitic acid (35.5% for P. formosum and 33.8% for P. commune). Three independent assays assessed the antioxidant capacities of both plants, which revealed significant antioxidant potential in both species.

The phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts of nine olive genotypes were determined, and the obtained data were analysed using chemometric techniques. In the crude extracts, 12 compounds belonging to the secoiridoids, phenylethanoids, and flavonoids were identified. Oleuropein was the primary component for all genotypes, exhibiting a content of 21.0 to 98.0 mg/g extract. Hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and luteolin 4′-O-glucoside were also present in noticeable quantities. Genotypes differed to the greatest extent in the content of verbascoside (0.45–21.07 mg/g extract). The content of hydroxytyrosol ranged from 1.33 to 4.03 mg/g extract, and the aforementioned luteolin glucosides were present at 1.58–8.67 mg/g extract. The total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ability to inhibit the oxidation of β-carotene-linoleic acid emulsion also varied significantly among genotypes. A hierarchical cluster analysis enabled the division of genotypes into three clusters with similarity above 60% in each group. GGE biplot analysis showed olive genotypes variability with respect to phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activities. Significant correlations among TPC, FRAP, the values of both radical scavenging assays, and the content of oleuropein were found. The contents of 7-O-glucoside and 4′-O-glucoside correlated with TPC, TEAC, FRAP, and the results of the emulsion oxidation assay.

This study reports the chemical profiling and antimicrobial potential of Opuntia ficus-indica seed oil from Eastern Morocco, with emphasis on pharmacologically relevant constituents and valorization of an underexploited by-product. Seed oil was obtained by cold mechanical pressing and characterized using GC–MS (fatty acids and volatile profile), HPLC–DAD (tocopherols), and UHPLC–MS/MS (phenolic constituents). The oil exhibited a PUFA-rich profile dominated by linoleic acid (73.94%), with palmitic and stearic acids as major saturated components, while oleic acid was not detected under our analytical conditions. Tocopherol analysis revealed a high γ-tocopherol level (657.52 mg/kg). UHPLC–MS/MS enabled annotation of multiple phenolic compounds, including arbutin and kaempferol as major constituents. In vitro antibacterial assays showed no inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. (inhibition zone < 7 mm), whereas moderate-to-high activity was observed against Escherichia coli (11.6 ± 0.64 mm) and Klebsiella spp. (15.6 ± 0.51 mm). In silico POM analysis supported favorable drug-likeness/toxicological profiles for arbutin and kaempferol. Overall, these results support O. ficus-indica seed oil as a chemically rich natural matrix with promising antioxidant and antibacterial potential.

This study investigated the impact of two extraction methods, traditional hydrodistillation (TDH) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAH), on the essential oil yield and chemical profile of Lavandula angustifolia L., as well as the bioactive potential of the resulting wastewater. Essential oil composition was analyzed via GC–MS, revealing similar qualitative and quantitative profiles for both methods, with α-terpinolene and (–)borneol as major constituents. Wastewater analysis via LC–MS/MS and spectrophotometric assays demonstrated the presence of significant total phenolic content (3.29–1.78 mg GAE/g) and 32 individual phenolics (463.1 µg/kg for TDH; 479.33 µg/kg for MAH). These findings suggest that both essential oil and wastewater obtained by either method possess considerable bioactive potential, with the MAH method potentially offering advantages over TDH for essential oil extraction. Further exploration of wastewater applications in various industrial sectors is warranted.