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The globe : how the Earth became round
The Globe tells the story of humanity's quest to discover the shape of the world. Philosophers in ancient Greece deduced the true shape of the Earth in the fourth century BCE; the Romans passed the knowledge to India, and from there it spread to Baghdad and Central Asia. In early medieval Europe, Christians debated the matter but long before the time of Columbus, the Catholic Church had accepted that the Earth is round and not flat. However, it wasn't until the seventeenth century that Jesuit missionaries finally convinced the Chinese that their traditional square-earth cosmology was mistaken. An accessible challenge to long-established beliefs about the history of ideas, The Globe shows how the realization that our planet is a sphere deserves to be considered the first great scientific achievement.
Book
Models-based Practice in Physical Education
This book offers a comprehensive synthesis of over 40 years of research on models in physical education to suggest Models-based Practice (MbP) as an innovative future approach to physical education. It lays out the ideal conditions for MbP to flourish by situating pedagogical models at the core of physical education programs and allowing space for local agency and the co-construction of practice.
Starting from the premise that true MbP does not yet exist, the book makes a case for the term \"pedagogical model\" over alternatives such as curriculum model and instructional model, and explains how learners' cognitive, social, affective and psychomotor needs should be organised in ways that are distinctive and unique to each model. It examines the core principles underpinning the pedagogical models that make up MbP, including pedagogical models as organising centres for program design and as design specifications for developing local programs. The book also explores how a common structure can be applied to analyse pedagogical models at macro, meso and micro levels of discourse. Having created a language through which to talk about pedagogical models and MbP, the book concludes by identifying the conditions - some existing and some aspirational - under which MbP can prosper in reforming physical education.
An essential read for academics, doctoral and post-graduate students, and pre-service and in-service teachers, Models-based Practice in Physical Education is a vital point of reference for anyone who is interested in pedagogical models and wants to embrace this potential future of physical education.
eBook
Body Composition in Sport, Exercise and Health
The analysis of body composition (fat, bone and muscle) is an important process throughout the biomedical sciences. This is the first book to offer a clear and detailed introduction to the key methods and techniques in body composition analysis and to explain the importance of body composition data in the context of sport, exercise and health.
With contributions from some of the world's leading body composition specialists, the book goes further than any other in demonstrating the practical and applied value of body composition analysis in areas such as performance sport and weight control in clinical populations. The book pays particular attention to the important concept of change in body composition, and includes discussion of ethical issues in the collection, interpretation and presentation of data, and considerations when working with special populations.
Bridging the gap between research methods and practical application, this book is important reading for advanced students and practitioners working in sport and exercise science, health science, anatomy, nutrition, physical therapy or ergonomics.
eBook
Habitat detective : tracking changes in your surroundings
Describes how to use a map, including indicating landmark symbols and cardinal directions, and discusses how to determine if a landscape has changed based on map information.
Book
Dementia And Physical Activity (DAPA) trial of moderate to high intensity exercise training for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial
AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the effect of a moderate to high intensity aerobic and strength exercise training programme on cognitive impairment and other outcomes in people with mild to moderate dementia.DesignMulticentre, pragmatic, investigator masked, randomised controlled trial.SettingNational Health Service primary care, community and memory services, dementia research registers, and voluntary sector providers in 15 English regions.Participants494 people with dementia: 329 were assigned to an aerobic and strength exercise programme and 165 were assigned to usual care. Random allocation was 2:1 in favour of the exercise arm.InterventionsUsual care plus four months of supervised exercise and support for ongoing physical activity, or usual care only. Interventions were delivered in community gym facilities and NHS premises.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was score on the Alzheimer’s disease assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included activities of daily living, neuropsychiatric symptoms, health related quality of life, and carer quality of life and burden. Physical fitness (including the six minute walk test) was measured in the exercise arm during the intervention.ResultsThe average age of participants was 77 (SD 7.9) years and 301/494 (61%) were men. By 12 months the mean ADAS-cog score had increased to 25.2 (SD 12.3) in the exercise arm and 23.8 (SD 10.4) in the usual care arm (adjusted between group difference −1.4, 95% confidence interval −2.6 to −0.2, P=0.03). This indicates greater cognitive impairment in the exercise group, although the average difference is small and clinical relevance uncertain. No differences were found in secondary outcomes or preplanned subgroup analyses by dementia type (Alzheimer’s disease or other), severity of cognitive impairment, sex, and mobility. Compliance with exercise was good. Over 65% of participants (214/329) attended more than three quarters of scheduled sessions. Six minute walking distance improved over six weeks (mean change 18.1 m, 95% confidence interval 11.6 m to 24.6 m).ConclusionA moderate to high intensity aerobic and strength exercise training programme does not slow cognitive impairment in people with mild to moderate dementia. The exercise training programme improved physical fitness, but there were no noticeable improvements in other clinical outcomes.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN10416500.
Journal Article
Clinical Exercise Pathophysiology for Physical Therapy
In order to effectively examine, test, and treat patients with exercise, physical therapists need to understand how physiology from the cellular to the systems level provides the basis for normal responses to exercise. But that is not enough.
eBook
The impact of repetition mechanics on the adaptations resulting from strength-, hypertrophy- and cluster-type resistance training
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the acute and chronic training responses to strength-, hypertrophy- and cluster-type resistance training.
Methods
Thirty-four trained males were assigned to a strength [STR: 4 × 6 repetitions, 85 % of one repetition maximum, (1RM), 900 s total rest], hypertrophy (HYP: 5 × 10 repetitions, 70 % 1RM, 360 s total rest), cluster 1 (
CL
-
1
: 4 × 6/1 repetitions, 85 % 1RM, 1400 s total rest), and cluster 2 (CL-2: 4 × 6/1 repetitions, 90 % 1RM, 1400 s total rest) regimens which were performed twice weekly for a 6-week period. Measurements were taken before, during and following the four workouts to investigate the acute training stimulus, whilst similar measurements were employed to examine the training effects before and after the intervention.
Results
The improvements in 1RM strength were significantly greater for the STR (12.09 ± 2.75 %;
p
< 0.05,
d
= 1.106) and CL-2 (13.20 ± 2.18 %;
p
< 0.001,
d
= 0.816) regimens than the HYP regimen (8.13 ± 2.54 %,
d
= 0.453). In terms of the acute responses, the STR and CL-2 workouts resulted in greater time under tension (TUT) and impulse generation in individual repetitions than the HYP workout (
p
< 0.05). Furthermore, the STR (+3.65 ± 2.54 mmol/L
−1
) and HYP (+6.02 ± 2.97 mmol/L
−1
) workouts resulted in significantly greater elevations in blood lactate concentration (
p
< 0.001) than the CL-1 and CL-2 workouts.
Conclusion
CL regimens produced similar strength improvements to STR regimens even when volume load was elevated (CL-2). The effectiveness of the STR and CL-2 regimens underlines the importance of high loads and impulse generation for strength development.
Journal Article